Chrysanthemum leaf epidermal surface morphology and antioxidant and defense enzyme activity in response to aphid infestation

Physiological and Biochemical Responses of Fern Nephrolepis Biserrata (Sw.) Schott. to Coccus Hesperidum L. Infestation

“…Toxic products of the oxidation reaction have a cytostatic effect on the cell, damaging the cell membranes and leading to cell death via apoptosis or necrosis. Balanced cell metabolism is maintained by antioxidative enzymes such as superoxide dismutase, catalase, peroxidase, ascorbate peroxidase, glutathione S-transferase and polyphenol oxidase (Hu et al, 2009;He et al, 2011) or vitamins E, C and A. These molecules facilitate removal of excess ROS from cells.…”

Mechanisms of plant defense against insect herbivores

“…The first line of plant defense against insect pests is the erection of a physical barrier either through the formation of a waxy cuticle, 9,16 and/or the development of spines, setae, and trichomes. 18,19 Structural defenses includes morphological and anatomical traits that confer a fitness advantage to the plant by directly deterring the herbivores from feeding, 16 and range from prominent protrubances on a plant to microscopic changes in cell wall thickness as a result of lignification and suberization. 9,19 Structural traits such as spines and thorns (spinescence), trichomes (pubescence), toughened or hardened leaves (sclerophylly), incorporation of granular minerals into plant tissues, and divaricated branching (shoots with wiry stems produced at wide axillary angles) play a leading role in plant protection against herbivory.…”

“…18,19 Structural defenses includes morphological and anatomical traits that confer a fitness advantage to the plant by directly deterring the herbivores from feeding, 16 and range from prominent protrubances on a plant to microscopic changes in cell wall thickness as a result of lignification and suberization. 9,19 Structural traits such as spines and thorns (spinescence), trichomes (pubescence), toughened or hardened leaves (sclerophylly), incorporation of granular minerals into plant tissues, and divaricated branching (shoots with wiry stems produced at wide axillary angles) play a leading role in plant protection against herbivory. 9,19,20 Sclerophylly refers to the hardened leaves, and plays an active role in plant defense against herbivores by reducing the palatability and digestibility of the tissues, thereby, reducing the herbivore damage.…”

Salicylic acid-induced changes in physiological parameters and genes of the flavonoid biosynthesis pathway in Artemisia vulgaris and Dendranthema nankingense during aphid feeding

“…All of the plants were covered with polyester cylinders (25 cm long x 12 cm diameter) with fine gauze, and placed in a greenhouse under the above-mentioned conditions. Leaves, counting from the third leaf below the apex, were collected at 0, 3,6,12,24,48,72, and 168 h after aphid inoculation (He et al, 2011). At each sampling time point, three biological replications were performed.…”

“…The results of a previous study indicated that transcripts of PR-1 (also known as P4), a salicylic acid (SA)-inducible gene, accumulate in Mi-1 plants after potato aphid (Macrosiphum euphorbiae) feeding (Martinez de Ilarduya et al, 2003). Another study showed that leaf epidermal surface morphology and the activity of antioxidant and defense enzymes contribute to aphid resistance in the chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum grandiflorum) (He et al, 2011). Chrysanthemums may use constitutive and induced defense strategies against aphid feeding; however, little information on gene expression profiles or signaling in response to aphid feeding is available.…”