“…The mutation rate used was 10 −4 , as has previously been described as the best estimate for microsatellites (Inoue et al, 2014;Sun et al, 2012;Whittaker et al, 2003) which is orders of magnitude greater than typical nucleotide substitution rates of 10 −8 , due to replication slippage of microsatellite loci (Sun et al, 2012). To convert generations to years before present, we used two different estimates for generation time: one year, as suggested by other studies (Cunha et al, 2014;Oliveira et al, 2017) and six months, a more conservative estimate given that P. perna typically spawn twice a year and are reproductively active as early as three months (Lunetta, 1969;Mesquita et al, 2001).…”