Cigarette Craving, Smoking Withdrawal, and Clonidine

Ah, Glassman; Jackson, WK; Walsh, B. Timothy; Sp, Roose; Rosenfeld, Brian A.

doi:10.1126/science.6387913

Cited by 200 publications

(51 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…An increase in brain noradrenergic activation is common in many withdrawal syndromes [205] and anxiety states. Clonidine has successfully been used to control symptoms in a number of withdrawal states such as opioid [206], benzodiazepine [207], alcohol [208] and tobacco [209][210][211]. Clonidine also controls manic symptoms [212] and has been used in hyperactive children [213].…”

Section: Non-anaesthetic Usesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Alpha‐2 and imidazoline receptor agonistsTheir pharmacology and therapeutic role

Khan¹,

Ferguson²,

Jones³

1999

Anaesthesia

606

423

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SummaryClonidine has proved to be a clinically useful adjunct in clinical anaesthetic practice as well as in chronic pain therapy because it has both anaesthetic and analgesic-sparing activity. The more selective alpha-2 adrenoceptor agonists, dexmedetomidine and mivazerol, may also have a role in providing haemodynamic stability in patients who are at risk of peri-operative ischaemia. The side-effects of hypotension and bradycardia have limited the routine use of alpha-2 adrenoceptor agonists. Investigations into the molecular pharmacology of alpha-2 adrenoceptors have elucidated their role in the control of wakefulness, blood pressure and antinociception. We discuss the pharmacology of alpha-2 adrenoceptors and their therapeutic role in this review.

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Section: Non-anaesthetic Usesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Alpha‐2 and imidazoline receptor agonistsTheir pharmacology and therapeutic role

Khan¹,

Ferguson²,

Jones³

1999

Anaesthesia

606

423

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…On the other hand, the combined sedative, anxiolytic and sympatholytic properties of clonidine have been used successfully in the therapy of various neuropsychiatric disorders associated with increased sympathetic neuronal activity, such as opiate withdrawal (Gold et al, 1978), cigarette craving and withdrawal symptoms in smokers (Glassman et al, 1984), and generalized and panic anxiety (Redmond, 1982). Also in the case of medetomidine, at least in normal subjects without pathological anxiety, the sedative and hypotensive drug actions seem to manifest in the same dose range, with a single 25 ,ug intravenous dose causing statistically significant sedation and reduction of BP.…”

Section: Catecholamines In Plasmamentioning

confidence: 99%

Sedative and cardiovascular effects of medetomidine, a novel selective alpha 2‐adrenoceptor agonist, in healthy volunteers.

Scheinin

Kallio

Koulu

et al. 1987

Brit J Clinical Pharma

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1 Single intravenous doses (25, 50 and 100 ,ug) of medetomidine an imidazole derivative), a selective a2-adrenoceptor agonist, were administered to eight healthy male volunteers in a double-blind, placebo-controlled study. 2 The following dose-related effects, all of which were compatible with an agonistic action of the drug at a2-adrenoceptors, were noted: reductions of systolic and diastolic blood pressure (maximum 18/11 mm Hg), heart rate (maximum 10 beats min-'), saliva secretion (maximum 84%) and noradrenaline levels in plasma (maximum 70%). 3 Dose-dependent sedation or impairment of vigilance was also observed, both by subjective and objective (critical flicker fusion threshold) assessments, with the highest dose actually inducing sleep in five of the subjects. 4 The observed effects were in general agreement with those previously seen after intravenous administration of the centrally acting antihypertensive a2-adrenoceptor activating drug, clonidine, but of a shorter duration. 5 The relative importance of a2-adrenoceptors located in peripheral tissues and in the central nervous system for the drug's cardiovascular effects could not be determined, but the high lipid solubility of the compound and the rapid onset of sedation are in favour of a major central component. 6 Medetomidine may be a useful tool for the investigation of the physiology and pharmacology of a2-adrenoceptors in man. In addition, the therapeutic and diagnostic uses of the compound should be investigated in pathological conditions related to increased sympathetic neuronal activity.

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“…People have complained of intense desires or cravings when they abstain from smoking. Several investigations have implicated craving as a factor in relapse, withdrawal, or stress in smokers (Glassman, Jackson, Walsh, Roose, & Rosenfeld, 1984;Shiffman & Jarvik, 1976). Utilizing aversion therapy for craving of cigarettes, alcohol, or other substances may provide a component that has been missing from previous interventions.…”

Section: Design Implications For Future Researchmentioning

confidence: 98%

Evaluating the relative effectiveness of three aversion therapies designed to reduce craving among cocaine abusers

Bordnick

Elkins

Orr

et al. 2004

Behavioral Interventions

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Crack cocaine use and dependence has been steadily increasing since the mid-1980s. Treatment approaches vary from simple psychotherapy to intensive medication regimens. One clear phenomenon that has been implicated in the continued use and abuse of crack cocaine is craving. Craving is believed to be a response that has been conditioned with previous drug using episodes, and is elicited by environmental cues. The current study investigated the use of three aversion therapies (chemical, covert sensitization, and faradic) designed to eliminate craving for cocaine. Seventy subjects were randomly assigned to one of three aversion treatments or a relaxation control condition. Results indicate that aversion therapy reduces crack cocaine craving. The use of aversion therapy as an adjunct to traditional treatment programs for reducing craving is discussed.

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Cigarette Craving, Smoking Withdrawal, and Clonidine

Cited by 200 publications

References 19 publications

Alpha‐2 and imidazoline receptor agonistsTheir pharmacology and therapeutic role

Alpha‐2 and imidazoline receptor agonistsTheir pharmacology and therapeutic role

Sedative and cardiovascular effects of medetomidine, a novel selective alpha 2‐adrenoceptor agonist, in healthy volunteers.

Evaluating the relative effectiveness of three aversion therapies designed to reduce craving among cocaine abusers

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