Cigarette smoke and adverse health effects: An overview of research trends and future needs

Abstract

A large volume of data has accumulated on the issues of tobacco and health worldwide. The relationship between tobacco use and health stems initially from clinical observations about lung cancer, the first disease definitively linked to tobacco use. Almost 35 years ago, the Office of the Surgeon General of the United States Health Service reviewed over 7000 research papers on the topic of smoking and health, and publicly recognized the role of smoking in various diseases, including lung cancer. Since then, numerous studies have been published that substantiate the strong association of tobacco use with a variety of adverse human health effects, most prominently with cancer and cardiovascular diseases. Cigarette smoking is regarded as a major risk factor in the development of lung cancer, which is the main cause of cancer deaths in men and women in the United States and the world. Major advances have been made by applying modern genetic technologies to examine the relationship between exposure to tobacco smoke and the development of diseases in human populations. The present review summarizes the major research areas of the past decade, important advances, future research needs and federal funding trends.

Is the management of diabetes different in dialysis patients?

“…Smoking cessation should be recommended to the entire population, including diabetics with and without CKD . Tobacco use is associated with an increased risk of many diseases and other tobacco products and e‐cigarettes have not proven to be better . Among the benefits of smoking cessation, of particular relevance in diabetics on dialysis, are a decrease in cardiovascular risk and improved metabolic control …”

Smoking and Vascular Disease

“…The variations between smoking styles create a relatively important difference in smoking-related chemicals exposure-levels. For example, each draw's depth, time between puffs, the size of the cigarette, the inhaled amount into the lungs, and puffs number, all play a role in determining the level of exposure of each individual [1] .…”

“…Smoking has been associated with higher active cellular process that is suggested to play a role in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis and abdominal aortic aneurysm. Regarding costs, smoking causes large costs to health care system, and its prevention will be associated with significant decrease in costs [1] .…”

Combining the Capture-Recapture Method and Simple Linear Regression Analysis of the Malicious Domains Estimation

“…Controllers of botnets are commonly known as botmasters. Using the bot program, a botmaster can control bot program-infected computers from a distance [7]. To expand the population of botnets, criminals infect host computers through spam e-mails, social networking sites, software defects, or by embedding malicious programs into Web pages.…”