“…Trauma exposure also has direct and indirect effects on nicotine dependence and smoking behaviors (Farris et al, 2014). Since the early work linking childhood adversity to smoking, there has continued to be strong support for the adversity, trauma, and smoking relationship from large epidemiological, cross-sectional studies, and, more recently, prospective studies (Bellis, Hughes, Leckenby, Perkins, & Lowey, 2014; Crane et al, 2013; Crane et al, 2014; Edwards, Anda, Gu, Dube, & Felitti, 2007; Elliott et al, 2014; Ford et al, 2011; Taha, Galea, Hien, & Goodwin, 2014; Xie et al, 2012). More specifically, depression and adversity independently predict smoking persistence in patients experiencing serious smoking-related illnesses and increased health risks directly mediated by smoking (Edwards et al, 2007).…”