Cigarette smoking and cervical cancer: Part II: a geographic variability study

Viruses, chemicals and co-carcinogenesis

“…He noted the results of four case-control studies demonstrating more smoking by women with cancer . We have recently updated and expanded Winkelstein's meta-analyses and found support for his conclusions Steckley et al, 2003). However, how might tars from cigarettes reach the cervix?…”

Correlation of HPV-16/18 infection of human papillomavirus with lung squamous cell carcinomas in Western China

“…Lung squamous cell carcinoma development was strongly associated to smoking habit because more than 90% of individuals undergoing squamous cell carcinomas were heavy smokers (27). To find the correlation between the smoking status and the risk of lung squamous cell carcinomas in HPVpositive cases, the associations between HPV status, HPV-16 status and lung squamous cell carcinomas were assessed using a logistic regression model.…”

Co-carcinogenesis: Human Papillomaviruses, Coal Tar Derivatives, and Squamous Cell Cervical Cancer

“…While HPV is a major factor for developing CC, and given that persistent infection with a high-risk “oncogenic” type of HPV appears to be necessary for the development of invasive CC ( Walboomers et al, 1999 ; Munoz et al, 2003 ), a number of studies have shown that squamous cell CC may result from an additive or synergistic interaction between oncogenic HPVs and cervical tar exposures, a process generally referred to as co-carcinogenesis ( Haverkos, 2004 ; Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans [IARC], 2004 ; International Collaboration of Epidemiological Studies of Cervical Cancer [ICESCC] et al, 2006 ; International Collaboration of Epidemiological Studies of Cervical Cancer [ICESCC], 2007 ). We highlight coal tar derivatives from cigarette smoking, tar-based vaginal sanitization products, and inhaled smoke from burning biomass (wood, coal, dung) in poorly ventilated kitchens, as potential co-carcinogenic factors that contain bioactive compounds likely to play a determinative role in CC development ( Rotkin, 1967 ; Winkelstein, 1990 ; Ferrara et al, 2000 ; Haverkos et al, 2000 , 2003 ; Velema et al, 2002 ; Steckley et al, 2003 ; Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans [IARC], 2004 ; Haverkos, 2005 ; International Collaboration of Epidemiological Studies of Cervical Cancer [ICESCC] et al, 2006 ; International Collaboration of Epidemiological Studies of Cervical Cancer [ICESCC], 2007 ; Bennett et al, 2010 ). We identify published data from virological and genetic studies linking oncogenic papillomavirus genotypes and chemicals to development of cancer ( Rous, 1965 ; Prokopczyk et al, 2009 ; Wei et al, 2014 ).…”

“…First, he showed a direct correlation between the incidence rates of CC and male lung cancer in the United States ( Winkelstein et al, 1977 ), and then reviewed four case-control studies, two from the United States and two from Great Britain, demonstrating that women who smoked cigarettes were more likely to develop CC ( Winkelstein, 1977 ). Several groups have subsequently confirmed the links between cigarette smoking and CC ( Haverkos et al, 2003 ; Steckley et al, 2003 ; International Collaboration of Epidemiological Studies of Cervical Cancer [ICESCC] et al, 2006 ); consequently, the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) listed tobacco smoke as a cause of CC ( Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans [IARC], 2004 ). Furthermore, an international group of epidemiologists pooled data from 23 studies, representing over 13,000 women with CC and over 23,000 controls.…”

“…Our results were similar to Winkelstein’s findings for United States and Europe; however, we found a negative correlation between smoking among women and CC (Pearson’s coefficient = -0.550). We proposed the need to search for other environmental factors as potential contributors to CC development among women in developing countries ( Steckley et al, 2003 ).…”