Cigarette Smoking and Major Depression

Covey, Lirio S.; Glassman, Alexander H.; Stetner, Fay

doi:10.1300/j069v17n01_04

Cited by 267 publications

(145 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…In accordance with other epidemiological reports (20,21,22) , women with smoking habits had higher prevalence of depressive mood (62%) and feeling of fatigue (71%). We also found that cigarette smoking was an independent risk factor for psychological symptoms.…”

Section: Smoking Habitssupporting

confidence: 92%

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Background factors influencing somatic and psychological symptoms in middle-age women with different hormonal status

Borgfeldt

Samsioe

et al. 2005

Maturitas

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Access to the published version may require journal subscription.Published with permission from: Elsevier Methods: A total of 6917 women living in the Lund area of southern Sweden were participates of this study. They completed a generic questionnaire pertaining to sociodemographic characteristics, lifestyle factors and current health related problems.According to hormonal status, the participants were subdivided into three groups, i.e.premenopause, postmenopause and peri-or postmenopausal women with hormone replacement therapy (HRT).Results: By using multiple logistic regression models, a high risk for somatic symptoms was independently associated with unemployment, no exercise, un-married, high body weight, and diseases affecting the cardiovascular system as well as a history of cancer. .Psychological symptoms were independently associated with higher educational level, unemployment, no exercise, un-married, heavy smoking habits (>15 cig/day), weight gain, and a history of cancer. In addition, the background factors seemed to have less impact on symptoms among women who used HRT. Conclusion:Socio-demographic characteristics, lifestyle factors and concurrent health problems appear to have influences on the frequency and the number of somatic and psychological symptoms in middle-age women. Hormone replacement therapy seems to be able to counteract negative impacts caused by un-healthy lifestyle and other health problems.3 3

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Section: Smoking Habitssupporting

confidence: 92%

“…Therefore, it is possible that women with emotional problems may attempt to self-treat mood disorders by smoking. On the other hand, withdrawal of nicotine may in turn cause or worsen psychological problems, in particularly in the women with previous depression episodes (22) .…”

Section: Smoking Habitsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Background factors influencing somatic and psychological symptoms in middle-age women with different hormonal status

Borgfeldt

Samsioe

et al. 2005

Maturitas

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“…The present data suggest that reduced serotonergic neurotransmission may be one of the neurobiological abnormalities underlying the symptom of "diminished interest or pleasure" seen in both amphetamine and nicotine withdrawal in humans (American Psychiatric Association 1994; Covey et al 1998;Glassman 1993;Hughes 1992;Markou et al 1998). This hypothesis is consistent with the observation that withdrawal from other drugs of abuse, such as cocaine (Parsons et al 1995) or ethanol (Weiss et al 1996), also is characterized by decreased serotonergic neurotransmission as reflected in decreased in vivo dialysate serotonin levels.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 74%

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mentioning

confidence: 99%

Fluoxetine Combined with a Serotonin-1A Receptor Antagonist Reversed Reward Deficits Observed during Nicotine and Amphetamine Withdrawal in Rats

Harrison

Liem

Markou

2001

Neuropsychopharmacology

158

126

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Cessation of chronic nicotine or amphetamine administration precipitates withdrawal syndromes characterized by affective symptoms, including "diminished interest or pleasure" in rewarding stimuli (i.e., anhedonia) (American Psychiatric Association 1994;Covey et al. 1998;Glassman 1993;Hughes 1992). Interestingly, the symptom of "diminished interest or pleasure" is not only a symptom of drug withdrawal, but also a core symptom of depression and a negative symptom of schizophrenia (American Psychiatric Association 1994;Markou et al. 1998). Brain reward threshold elevation is an operational measure of this symptom because it reflects diminished sensitivity to rewarding electrical stimuli. In rats, withdrawal from drugs of abuse belonging to diverse pharmacological classes, such as nicotine (Epping-Jordan et al. 1998 Watkins et al. 2000b), amphetamine Zacharko 1980a, 1980b;Kokkinidis et al. 1980Kokkinidis et al. , 1986 Barrett 1976, 1980;Lin et al. 1999Lin et al. , 2000Paterson et al. 2000;Wise and Munn 1995), cocaine (Baldo et al. 1999;Kokkinidis and McCarter 1990; Koob 1991, 1992a;Markou et al. 1992) morphine (Schulteis et al. 1994) and ethanol (Schulteis et al. 1995) elevated brain stimulation reward thresholds.In addition to the affective aspects of drug withdrawal reflected in threshold elevations, nicotine, opiate, or ethanol withdrawal also lead to alterations in a set of behaviors termed somatic signs. In the case of nicotine, these somatic signs are primarily gasps, writhes, eye blinks, and ptosis (Epping-Jordan et al. 1998;Hildebrand et al. 1997Hildebrand et al. , 1999Malin et al. 1992). It is unlikely that these somatic signs in the rat reflect the affective component of drug withdrawal. Nevertheless, the study of both threshold elevations and somatic signs permits the investigation of the effects of manipulations on the various aspects of withdrawal.Based on evidence demonstrating the efficacy of serotonergic antidepressant treatments, reduced cerebrospinal fluid levels of serotonin metabolites, endocrine measures reflecting reduced serotonergic neurotransmission and the exacerbation of depressive symptomatology seen after serotonin (5-HT) depletion in depressed individuals, it is hypothesized that reduced serotonergic neurotransmission underlies at least some aspects or some subtypes of non-drug-induced depressions (for reviews, see Caldecott-Hazard et al. 1991; CaldecottHazard and Schneider 1992;Heninger et al. 1996;Markou et al. 1998;Meltzer and Lowy 1988;Willner 1985). The purpose of the present study was to test the hypothesis that reduced serotonergic neurotransmission mediates some of the affective aspects, not only of non-drug-induced depressions, but also of druginduced depressions. Thus, the present study tested the hypothesis that enhancement of serotonergic neurotransmission through acute administration of the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) fluoxetine (Wong et al. 1995) in combination with a relatively selective 5-HT 1A receptor antagonist would alleviate the symptom of "dimin...

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“…34,55 The self-medication hypothesis has a stronger evidence base in major depression (table 1). 56 Similarly, the other hypotheses also require stronger longitudinal and biological evidence to assess their validity. These three hypotheses have different implications for policies to reduce cigarette smoking in people with serious mental illness.…”

Section: Smoking In Serious Mental Illness: Cause or Effect?mentioning

confidence: 99%