Cigarette smoking, dietary intake, and physical activity: effects on body fat distribution—the Normative Aging Study

Abstract

Studies have indicated that although smokers weigh less than nonsmokers, smokers have greater waist-to-hip circumference ratios after adjustment for age and body mass index (BMI). The purpose of this investigation was to determine whether factors associated with smoking, such as dietary intake, alcohol intake, and physical activity, modified or confounded the relationship between smoking and body fat distribution. The study used cross-sectional data for 765 men aged 43-85 y from the Normative Aging Study. Current smokers were found to have a greater amount of central adiposity, as represented by the abdomen-to-hip circumference ratio (abdomen-hip ratio), than did former smokers and people who never smoked after adjustment for age, BMI, dietary and alcohol intakes, and physical activity. Multiple-linear-regression analysis revealed that physical activity was negatively associated with and alcohol intake was positively associated with the abdomen-hip ratio. These results suggest a direct effect of smoking on body fat distribution, independent of other smoking-related behaviors.

Dietary intake in male and female smokers, ex-smokers, and never smokers: The INTERMAP Study

“…1,5,6,8,9,11,12,15,16,18,20,24,27,28,[34][35][36]41,42,[50][51][52][53][54][55][56][57] However, INTERMAP did not find the consistently higher intakes for total energy, total fat, SFA, and dietary cholesterol, and lower intake of PFA for smokers compared to never smokers that have been reported for smokers compared to nonsmokers in other studies. 3 Energy from carbohydrate intake was also lower in six of seven gender-country subgroups in INTERMAP, which is generally consistent with those studies reporting carbohydrate intake as per cent energy, 1,2,6,9,11,15,22,42,[46][47][48] but not with those studies reporting carbohydrate intake as g/day, which on average show no difference in intake for smokers and nonsmokers. 3 In conclusion, INTERMAP results are consistent with many other reports indicating that smokers…”

“…6,[8][9][10][15][16][17]21,25,26,28,33,36,39,41,42,46,47 This was also true for INTERMAP participants. Nutrients for which there were differences in intakes between smokers and ex-smokers also generally showed differences in the same direction between smokers and never smokers, for example, in smokers compared to ex-smokers lower energy from vegetable protein and carbohydrates, lower intakes of dietary fibre, beta carotene, vitamin E, vitamin C, thiamine, riboflavin, folate, vitamin B 6 , calcium, iron, phosphorus, and Mg, and lower urinary excretion of urea and K. There were also relatively few significant differences in intakes between ex-smokers and never smokers.…”

“…3 Consistent with the results of this meta-analysis, smokers have also reported consuming fewer fruits and vegetables than nonsmokers in many studies. 1,5,6,8,9,11,12,15,16,18,20,24,27,28,[34][35][36]41,42,[50][51][52][53][54][55][56][57] While the associations of smoking with nutrient intakes and consumption of specific foods have been examined in samples from several countries, most reports have been on samples from the United States (US), [1][2][3][4]7,8,10,30,32,33,35,36,[41][42][43][44][46][47][48]54,56 United Kingdom (UK), …”

Association of visceral fat with coronary risk factors in a population-based sample of postmenopausal women

“…32 In our entire sample, leisure time physical activity had a significantly inverse association with VAT. Additionally, in healthy women, when adjusting for BMI and leisure time physical activity, correlation coefficients decreased for waist circumference, and increased for LDL-C, TG and apoB.…”

The association of lifetime alcohol use with measures of abdominal and general adiposity in a large-scale European cohort

“…Positive associations between the use of alcohol and abdominal adiposity have consistently been reported for men and frequently for women in cross-sectional (Marti et al, 1991;Troisi et al, 1991;Slattery et al, 1992;Randrianjohany et al, 1993;Dallongeville et al, 1998;Han et al, 1998) or prospective studies (Grinker et al, 1995;Vadstrup et al, 2003;Vernay et al, 2004). Studies showing different results focused on the role of alcohol for the change of anthropometric measures (Koh-Banerjee et al, 2003;Halkjaer et al, 2004Halkjaer et al, , 2006.…”