Cigarette smoking during early pregnancy reduces the number of embryonic germ and somatic cells

Mamsen, Linn Salto; Lutterodt, M.C.; Andersen, Elisabeth Wreford; Skouby, Sven O.; Sørensen, Kristina Pilekær; Andersen, C. Yding; Byskov, Anne Grete

doi:10.1093/humrep/deq215

Cited by 69 publications

(51 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…Prenatal exposure to smoking can reduce the number of both germ and somatic cells in human embryos (Mamsen et al 2010), as well as of Sertoli cells in adult rats (Ahmadnia et al 2007). Although certain toxic agents disrupt the Sertoli cell function and reduce its ability to support spermatogenesis, increasing the elimination of germ cells via apoptosis (Richburg 2000), we show here that nicotine does not cause apoptosis of germ cells and/or somatic testicular cells.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prenatal and lactation nicotine exposure affects Sertoli cell and gonadotropin levels in rats

Paccola¹,

Miraglia²

2016

Reproduction

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Nicotine is largely consumed in the world as a component of cigarettes. It can cross the placenta and reach the milk of smoking mothers. This drug induces apoptosis, affects sex hormone secretion, and leads to male infertility. To investigate the exposure to nicotine during the whole intrauterine and lactation phases in Sertoli cells, pregnant rats received nicotine (2 mg/kg per day) through osmotic minipumps. Male offsprings (30, 60, and 90 days old) had blood collected for hormonal analysis (FSH and LH) and their testes submitted for histophatological study, analysis of the frequency of the stages of seminiferous epithelium cycle, immunolabeling of apoptotic epithelial cells (TUNEL and Fas/FasL), analysis of the function and structure of Sertoli cells (respectively using transferrin and vimentin immunolabeling), and analysis of Sertoli-germ cell junctional molecule (b-catenin immunolabeling). The exposure to nicotine increased the FSH and LH plasmatic levels in adult rats. Although nicotine had not changed the number of apoptotic cells, neither in Fas nor FasL expression, it provoked an intense sloughing of epithelial cells and also altered the frequency of some stages of the seminiferous epithelium cycle. Transferrin and b-catenin expressions were not changed, but vimentin was significantly reduced in the early stages of the seminiferous cycle of the nicotine-exposed adult rats. Thus, we concluded that nicotine exposure during all gestational and lactation periods affects the structure of Sertoli cells by events causing intense germ cell sloughing observed in the tubular lumen and can compromise the fertility of the offspring.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prenatal and lactation nicotine exposure affects Sertoli cell and gonadotropin levels in rats

Paccola¹,

Miraglia²

2016

Reproduction

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“…In the multiple general linear models the analyses were adjusted for known and suspected determinants of the outcome variables based on information from the literature. 26,38,[41][42][43][44][45][46][47] The following covariates were included: age (as a continuous variable), BMI (ln transformed continuous variable), period of sexual abstinence (days, ln transformed continuous variable), smoking (smoking at the time of conception: yes/no) and prior urogenital infections (yes/no). Alcohol consumption was excluded because of too many missing observations and lack of reliability.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Environmental mercury exposure, semen quality and reproductive hormones in Greenlandic Inuit and European men: a cross-sectional study

Mocevic¹,

Specht²,

Marott³

et al. 2012

Asian J Androl

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Several animal studies indicate that mercury is a male reproductive toxicant, but human studies are few and contradictory. We examined semen characteristics and serum levels of reproductive hormones in relation to environmental exposure to mercury. Blood and semen samples were collected from 529 male partners of pregnant women living in Greenland, Poland and Ukraine between May 2002 and February 2004. The median concentration of the total content of mercury in whole blood was 9.2 ng ml 21 in Greenland (0.2-385.8 ng ml 21 ), 1.0 ng ml 21 in Poland (0.2-6.4 ng ml 21 ) and 1.0 ng ml 21 in Ukraine (0.2-4.9 ng ml 21 ). We found a significantly positive association between the blood levels of mercury and serum concentration of inhibin B in men from Greenland (b50.074, 95% confidence interval (CI)50.021 to 0.126) and in an analysis including men from all three regions (b50.067, 95% CI50.024 to 0.110). The association may be due to beneficial effects of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), which are contained in seafood and fish. No significant association (P.0.05) was found between blood concentrations of mercury and any of the other measured semen characteristics (semen volume, total sperm count, sperm concentration, morphology and motility) and reproductive hormones (free androgen index (FAI), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), testosterone and LH3testosterone) in any region. In conclusion, the findings do not provide evidence that environmental mercury exposure in Greenlandic and European men with median whole blood concentration up to 10 ng ml 21 has adverse effects on biomarkers of male reproductive health.

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“…He estimated a mean of a total 600,000 oogonia in two 9-week-old ovaries and a peak of about 6,000,000 at the fi fth month. Six recent publications presenting stereological estimations of the number of germ cells in much higher numbers of ovaries and testes (overall 103) for the fi rst two trimesters have been recently analyzed by Mamsen and colleagues [118][119][120][121][122][123][124] . Extrapolating the old and the new data covering the 4-to 9-week period, it results that the total number of PGCs increases from about 1,000 to about 450,000 in female and 150,000 in male (Fig.…”

Section: Proliferation Of Human Pgcsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Origin, Migration, and Proliferation of Human Primordial Germ Cells

Felici

2012

Oogenesis

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The fi rst histological observations about the origin of the precursors of gametes termed primordial germ cells (PGCs) in extragonadal regions and their subsequent migration into the developing gonads in human embryos date back to the early twentieth century. Fuss (Anat Am 39:407-409, 1911, Anat EntwMech 81:1-23, 1912 and Felix (Die Entwicklung der Harn-und Geschlechtsorgane. In: Keibel-Mall Handbuch der 1qEntwick-lungageschichte des Menshen, vol 2. Leipzig, Hirzel, pp 732-955, 1911) were apparently the fi rst ones to describe the extragonadal location of PGCs in human embryos. In the youngest, 2.5 mm long, embryo examined (23-26 days postfertilization), These authors described PGCs in the endoderm of the yolk sac wall as cells identi fi able by their large size and spherical shape. Subsequently, Politzer (Z Anat Entw Gesch 87: 766-80, 1928, Z Anat Entw Gesch 93:386-428, 1930, Z Anat EntwGesch 100:331-336, 1933 and Witschi (Contr Embryol Carnegie Inst 209:67-80, 1948) studied the distribution of PGCs in a considerable number of embryos from presomite stages (0.3-0.8 mm, about 3 weeks) to 8.5 mm (5 weeks). Both authors described the migration of PGCs from the yolk sac to the developing gonads. Following a hot debate, it is now generally accepted that after their arrival into the gonadal anlage, PGCs give rise to the oogonia/oocytes and gonocytes (or prespermatogonia) in the embryonic ovary and testis, respectively. These germ cells enter a complex series of events that in the

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Cigarette smoking during early pregnancy reduces the number of embryonic germ and somatic cells

Cited by 69 publications

References 28 publications

Prenatal and lactation nicotine exposure affects Sertoli cell and gonadotropin levels in rats

Prenatal and lactation nicotine exposure affects Sertoli cell and gonadotropin levels in rats

Environmental mercury exposure, semen quality and reproductive hormones in Greenlandic Inuit and European men: a cross-sectional study

Origin, Migration, and Proliferation of Human Primordial Germ Cells

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