Cigarette smoking is associated with energy balance in premenopausal African-American adult women differently than in similarly aged white women

Abstract

OBJECTIVE:To investigate the differential association of cigarette smoking with energy balance in African-American and white premenopausal women. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study of energy balance, weight, and smoking in women. SUBJECT: A total of 374 women: 191 African-American (mean age ¼ 29.876.5 y) and 183 white women (mean age ¼ 28.977.1 y). MEASUREMENTS: Weight, cigarette smoking habits, resting energy expenditure, dietary intake, and physical activity. RESULTS: There were no significant differences in dietary intake by race or smoking status. The model for physical activity was significant (P ¼ 0.0004), with body mass index (BMI) having the largest effect on activity (Po0.001). Smoking status was related to activity, with the heaviest smokers reporting more activity than nonsmokers (P ¼ 0.008) or light smokers (P ¼ 0.028). The model for resting energy expenditure (REE) was significant (Po0.0001), with the largest again being BMI (Po0.001). There was also an interaction between ethnicity and smoking status (Po0.0001) such that African-American nonsmokers and light smokers tended to have lower REE than several other groups, most often the African-American moderate heavy smokers. The model for BMI was significant (Po0.0001) with an interaction for ethnicity and smoking status (P ¼ 0.0009). African-American nonsmokers and light smokers had significantly higher BMIs than most of the other groups. CONCLUSION: African-American women who were the heaviest smokers had a lower adjusted BMI than the heaviest smoking white women. This effect, at least partially, may be related to an increased REE in the African-American smoking women. While energy intake did not appear to be important in this relationship, energy expended in physical activity appeared to be increased with smoking, as was REE.

Smoking, oxidative stress and inflammation: Impact on resting energy expenditure in diabetic nephropathy

“…Specifically, amongst black women, heavy smoking was associated with 218 kcal/d higher REE and moderate smoking with 177 kcal/d higher REE compared to non-smokers. Although studies on the effect of smoking in diabetic nephropathy or those with CKD have not been reported, the results of this study are in line with those reported by others in populations without CKD [ 16 , 37 ] and extend these observations to patients with CKD. Exactly how chronic smoking leads to increased REE is not clear from present investigations [ 38 ].…”

“…The magnitude of the effect of smoking was 68 kcal/d which was approximately one-third of the effect size reported in the present study [ 16 ]. In another study, black women who smoked were found to have a greater baseline REE compared to white women [ 37 ]. Specifically, amongst black women, heavy smoking was associated with 218 kcal/d higher REE and moderate smoking with 177 kcal/d higher REE compared to non-smokers.…”

“…However, adjustment for diabetes control did not mitigate the significance of the results. Third, we did not quantify the amount and duration of smoking that may have an independent effect on REE [ 37 ]. Finally, these data may not be applicable to women.…”

Cigarette Smoking Induces Overexpression of a Fat-Depleting Gene AZGP1 in the Human

“…Weight gain after smoking cessation is largely because of increased body fat12–16. Mechanisms that have been investigated include increased energy intake, decreased resting metabolic rate, and decreased physical activity8,14,19,23,51,52. Studies have not consistently shown increased caloric intake as an explanation for the weight gain following smoking cessation18,53.…”

Epidemiology, determinants, and consequences of cigarette smoking in African American women: An integrative review

“…Among females, AAW are known to be different than non-AAW in several demographic, psychosocial, and physiological characteristics (Ahmed, Brown, Gary, & Saadatmand, 1994; Andrews, Felton, Ellen Wewers, Waller, & Tingen, 2007; Clemens, Klesges, Slawson, & Bush, 2003; Collins, et al, 2004; Delva, et al, 2006; Ensminger, Smith, Juon, Pearson, & Robertson, 2009; Harrell & Gore, 1998; King, et al, 2006; Manson, Sammel, Freeman, & Grisso, 2001; Rosenberg, Palmer, Rao, & Adams-Campbell, 2002; Sartor, et al, 2009; Wolff, Britton, & Wilson, 2003). Similarly, within the African American population, psychosocial and physiological factors differ between women and their male counterparts (Artinian, Washington, Flack, Hockman, & Jen, 2006; Fox, et al, 2004; King, et al, 1999; Lockery & Stanford, 1996; Murtaugh, Borde-Perry, Campbell, Gidding, & Falkner, 2002; Nollen, Catley, Davies, Hall, & Ahluwalia, 2005; Pulvers, et al, 2004; Qureshi, Suri, Zhou, & Divani, 2006; Savoca, et al, 2009; Woods, Harris, Ahluwalia, Schmelzle, & Mayo, 2001).…”