Cigarette Smoking Is Pro-oxidant in Pregnant Women Regardless of Antioxidant Nutrient Intake

Schwarz, Kathleen B.; Cox, Jeanne; Sharma, Savitri; Witter, Frank R.; Clement, Liliana; Sehnert, Shelley S.; Risby, Terence H.

doi:10.3109/13590849509000223

Cited by 17 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…When this increase is not balanced by an optimal antioxidant status, deleterious effects could be observed, such as teratogenic processes, diabetes (Eriksson & Borg, 1991;Bates et al, 1997), pre-eclampsia (Hubel et al, 1989;Uotila et al, 1994) or intrauterine growth retardation (Schwarz et al, 1995). In this study, we did not find statistical differences between the groups, regarding oxidative stress parameters probably in reason of the small sample size.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 48%

Effects of a combined micronutrient supplementation on maternal biological status and newborn anthropometrics measurements: a randomized double-blind, placebo-controlled trial in apparently healthy pregnant women

et al. 2003

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Objective: To investigate the possible beneficial effects of a micronutrient supplementation to apparently healthy pregnant women on maternal biological status and new born anthropometric characteristics. Setting: Departments of Obstetric of the University Hospital of Grenoble (France) and Lyon (France), Laboratoire of Biology of Oxidative Stress, UFR de Pharmacie. Grenoble (France). Study design: Double-blind, randomized placebo-controlled intervention trial. Subjects: A total of 100 apparently healthy pregnant women were recruited at 1472 weeks of gestation to delivery. At the end, they were 65 women to follow out the study. Interventions: Daily consumption over gestation of a miconutrients supplement or placebo. Main outcome measures: Plasma micronutrient levels and oxidative stress parameters were measured in mothers at 14 and 38 weeks of gestation. New born's anthropometric characteristics were measured at delivery. Results: In the supplemented group, folic acid, vitamin C, E, B 2 , B 6 and b-carotene levels were higher than in the placebo group. Oxidative stress parameters were not different between the groups. Birth weights were increased by 10% and the number of low newborn weights (o2700g) decreased significantly when the mother received the supplementation. Maternal plasma Zn levels were positively correlated to the newborn heights. Conclusion: A regular intake of a micronutrient supplement at nutritional dose may be sufficient to improve micronutrient status of apparently healthy pregnant women and could prevent low birth weight of newborn. Sponsorship: The supplement and placebo were supplied and the study was partially funded by BOIRON Pharmaceutical Company.

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 48%

Effects of a combined micronutrient supplementation on maternal biological status and newborn anthropometrics measurements: a randomized double-blind, placebo-controlled trial in apparently healthy pregnant women

et al. 2003

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“…In spite of the fact that the breath ethane of the sm okers in the 2T group was increased in com parison to values for non-sm okers [1], the w 3 pro® le of the sm okers in the 2T group did not differ from that of the non-sm okers (Fig. 1).…”

Section: Re Su Ltsmentioning

confidence: 81%

“…Breath samples were collected from the 44 subjects studied at Johns Hopkins at the 28-week gestation routine outpatient visit as previously described [1] and analyzed for ethane as previously described [2]. Nutrient intake.…”

Section: Ethods Of Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Progressive Decrease in Plasma omega 3 and omega 6 Fatty Acids During Pregnancy: Time Course and Effects of Dietary Fats and Antioxidant Nutrients

Schwarz¹

1998

Journal of Nutritional & Environmental Medicine

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As part of a previously reported comprehensive study of the nutritional and environmental factors contributing to oxidative stress during pregnancy, breath ethane, a volatile alkane produced during peroxidation of w 3 fatty acids (FAs), was used as a non-invasive measure of oxidative stress. This study investigates relationships between the plasma concentration of w 3 FAs, breath ethane, nutrient intake and serum concentration of selected antioxidant nutrients. The study design included measurement of breath ethane, the plasma phospholipid fatty acid (PLF A) pro® le, serum vitamins A, C, E, carotene, selenium, zinc, copper and manganese and dietary intake of 44 women studied at the 28-week gestation (2T) routine outpatient visit. Plasma lipids were extracted, phospholipids (PL) w ere isolated, and the FA compositions were measured by capillary gas chromatography. None of the plasma w 3 FAs correlated with breath ethane, serum concentration or dietary intake of antioxidants. Since the PLF A pro® le of the 2T group revealed decreased plasma w 6 and w 3 FAs compared to healthy (previously reported) non-pregnant females (NPF) of child-bearing age, a crosssectional study was done to compare the PLFA pro® le of the 2T group to that of w omen in the ® rst (1T) and third (3T) trimester of pregnancy to determine if there were de® ciencies that progressed during pregnancy. The 1T group (n 5 16) w as studied at 11± 14 weeks gestation; the 2T group as above; and the 3T group (n 5 19, previously reported), at 34± 39 weeks as well as during labor. In comparison to values for NPF (n 5 59), there was a progressive decrease during pregnancy of most w 3 and w 6 essential FAs. The sum of w 6 FAs (expressed as % of total FA in PL of plasma) decreased from 41.75 6 0.29% for NP F to 38.36 6 0.50% (1T), 36.80 6 0.32% (2T) and 34.55 6 0.41% (3T). The sum of w 3 FAs was 5.50 6 0.16% for NP F, 5.80 6 00.2% (1T), 4.99 6 0.12% (2T) and 3.16 6 0.19% (3T). The results of this cross-sectional study suggest a progressive transfer of w 6 and w 3 fatty acids from mother to fetus during pregnancy, as lipid peroxidation and dietary de® ciency seem less likely explanations for these de® ciencies.Keywords: w 3 and w 6 fatty acids, pregnancy, antioxidant nutrients, ethane, lipid peroxidation. INTRODUCT IONW e recently reported [1] results of a com prehensive study of nutritional and environmental

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“…Two groups [60,61] demon-strated that cigarette smoking resulted in increased lipid peroxidation as assessed by the breath content of ethane, a volatile alkane produced during peroxidation of n-3 fatty acids. Schwarz et al [62] also observed that the breath ethane content of pregnant smokers (studied at 28 weeks of gestation) was increased compared to that of pregnant non-smokers. Furthermore, Schwarz et al [63] showed that the breath ethane of infants born to mothers who smoked was increased compared to values for infants born to non-smoking mothers.…”

Section: Exposure To Oxidized Nitrogen Species (Toxic Substances) Andmentioning

confidence: 86%

Causes of Oxidative Stress in the Pre- and Perinatal Period

et al. 2002

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Oxidative stress may be defined as an imbalance between pro-oxidant and antioxidant forces resulting in an overall pro-oxidant insult. Pregnancy is a physiological state accompanied by a high energy demand of many bodily functions and an increased oxygen requirement. Because of the increased intake and utilization of oxygen, augmented levels of oxidative stress would be expected. Arguments for a role of oxidative stress/oxidative lipid derivatives in the pathogenesis of preeclampsia are documented in many papers and evidence continues to accumulate that oxidative stress is a mediator of endothelial dysfunction and thus contributes to the cardiovascular complications of preeclampsia. Also other conditions, such as toxic substance exposure, smoking and asphyxia likewise induce oxidative stress. The oxidized lipid products generated as a consequence of these conditions are highly reactive and cause damage to cells and cell membranes. Thus, increased oxidative stress accompanied by reduced endogenous defences may play a role in the pathogenesis of a number of diseases in the newborn.

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Cigarette Smoking Is Pro-oxidant in Pregnant Women Regardless of Antioxidant Nutrient Intake

Cited by 17 publications

References 35 publications

Effects of a combined micronutrient supplementation on maternal biological status and newborn anthropometrics measurements: a randomized double-blind, placebo-controlled trial in apparently healthy pregnant women

Effects of a combined micronutrient supplementation on maternal biological status and newborn anthropometrics measurements: a randomized double-blind, placebo-controlled trial in apparently healthy pregnant women

Progressive Decrease in Plasma omega 3 and omega 6 Fatty Acids During Pregnancy: Time Course and Effects of Dietary Fats and Antioxidant Nutrients

Causes of Oxidative Stress in the Pre- and Perinatal Period

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