Cigarette Smoking Modulation of Saliva Microbial Composition and Cytokine Levels

Rodríguez-Rabassa, Mary; López, Pablo; Rodríguez-Santiago, Ronald E.; Cases, Antonio; Felici, Marcos; Sánchez, Raphael; Yamamura, Yuichi; Rivera‐Amill, Vanessa

doi:10.3390/ijerph15112479

Cited by 42 publications

(43 citation statements)

References 101 publications

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“…Our analysis revealed that smoking reduced the salivary microbial diversity and Bacteroidetes was the most abundant phylum observed, which has been reported previously [31]. Moreover, the genus Prevotella was more abundant in the smokers compared to non-smokers, suggesting therefore an increased vulnerability of the smokers to develop oral diseases such as gingivitis [31]. This suggests that smoking has to always be considered in the future when assessing the oral microbiome composition, as it clearly affects the salivary microbiome composition.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 79%

“…Prior studies had shown that smoking disrupts the microbial homeostasis leading to various oral disease such as gingivitis and dental loss [72]. Our analysis revealed that smoking reduced the salivary microbial diversity and Bacteroidetes was the most abundant phylum observed, which has been reported previously [31]. Moreover, the genus Prevotella was more abundant in the smokers compared to non-smokers, suggesting therefore an increased vulnerability of the smokers to develop oral diseases such as gingivitis [31].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 71%

“…They observed that the salivary microbiome of smokers reflected a decrease in the abundance of the phylum Proteobacteria, and in Capnocytophaga, Peptostreptococcus and Leptotrichia genera; while the genera Atopobium and Streptococcus were found to be elevated in smokers compared to non-smokers [30]. Another study examined the oral microbiome of smokers and non-smokers in addition to the levels of cytokines in saliva samples, where they found that smoking altered the cytokine levels and the salivary microbiome composition [31].…”

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confidence: 99%

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Profiling the Salivary microbiome of the Qatari population

et al. 2020

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Background: The role of the human microbiome in human health and disease has been studied in various body sites. However, compared to the gut microbiome, where most of the research focus is, the salivary microbiome still bears a vast amount of information that needs to be revealed. This study aims to characterize the salivary microbiome composition in the Qatari population, and to explore specific microbial signatures that can be associated with various lifestyles and different oral conditions. Materials and methods: We characterized the salivary microbiome of 997 Qatari adults using high-throughput sequencing of the V1-V3 region of the 16S rRNA gene. Results: In this study, we have characterized the salivary microbiome of 997 Qatari participants. Our data show that Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes, Actinobacteria and Proteobacteria are the common phyla isolated from the saliva samples, with Bacteroidetes being the most predominant phylum. Bacteroidetes was also more predominant in males versus females in the study cohort, although differences in the microbial diversity were not statistically significant. We also show that, a lower diversity of the salivary microbiome is observed in the elderly participants, with Prevotella and Treponema being the most significant genera. In participants with oral conditions such as mouth ulcers, bleeding or painful gum, our data show that Prevotella and Capnocytophaga are the most dominant genera as compared to the controls. Similar patterns were observed in participants with various smoking habits as compared to the non-smoking participants. Our data show that Streptococcus and Neisseria are more dominant among denture users, as compared to the non-denture users. Our data also show that, abnormal oral conditions are associated with a reduced microbial diversity and microbial richness. Moreover, in this study we show that frequent coffee drinkers have higher microbial diversity compared to the non-drinkers, indicating that coffee may cause changes to the salivary microbiome. Furthermore, tea drinkers show higher microbial richness as compared to the non-tea drinkers. Conclusion: This is the first study to assess the salivary microbiome in an Arab population, and one of the largest population-based studies aiming to the characterize the salivary microbiome composition and its association with age, oral health, denture use, smoking and coffee-tea consumption.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 79%

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 71%

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confidence: 99%

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Profiling the Salivary microbiome of the Qatari population

et al. 2020

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“…Previous studies showed associations of increased risk for oral cancer with TNF-β polymorphisms genes and increased expression of salivary IL-4 and IL-13 [72,95]. Other studies comparing salivary cytokines of clinical samples and controls found increased expression of IL-2 and IL-4 in smokers and in patients with oral lichen planus (a chronic inflammatory disease that affects the oral mucosa) [96,97]. Besides, increased salivary IL-4 also has been associated with periodontitis [97][98][99].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Other studies comparing salivary cytokines of clinical samples and controls found increased expression of IL-2 and IL-4 in smokers and in patients with oral lichen planus (a chronic inflammatory disease that affects the oral mucosa) [96,97]. Besides, increased salivary IL-4 also has been associated with periodontitis [97][98][99]. However, data about such salivary cytokines (TNF-β, IL-2, IL-4, and IL-13) in alcohol users were not found.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Inflammatory Biomarkers, Microbiome, Depression, and Executive Dysfunction in Alcohol Users

Rodríguez-Rabassa

López

Sánchez

et al. 2020

IJERPH

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Alcohol-related disorders (ARD) are highly prevalent among Latin American-Caribbean countries. Mental disorders are common comorbidities in individuals with ARD. However, the etiology of the association between ARD and mental disorders remains unclear. We examined the association of inflammatory cytokines, microbiome, and other biomakers with measures of depression, social anxiety, and executive functions. We observed a significant increase in cytokine and chemokine expression levels in saliva and plasma in the alcohol group (AG) samples. Also, the salivary bacterial composition in the AG revealed an abundance of Prevotella. Depression symptomatology was markedly higher in the AG, but social anxiety levels were negligible. AG also exhibited executive dysfunctions, which negatively correlated with increased plasma levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines and increased salivary concentrations of Prevotella bacteria. Our study suggests that chronic alcohol use correlates with executive dysfunction, immune system dysregulation, and dysbiosis of the salivary microbiota. Additional studies are needed to understand the role of the microbiome and inflammation in alcohol use and mental comorbidities.

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Data visualization of the relationship between smoking and periodontal site‐specific effects across the lifespan in the US adult population

Billings

Parascandola

Iafolla

et al. 2020

Journal of Periodontology

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Background Data visualization techniques were used to ascertain (1) site‐specific effects of cigarette smoking on the periodontium compared to never‐smokers; (2) patterns of site‐specific effects by age among current and never‐smokers using contour maps. Methods Data from 10,713 dentate participants aged ≥30 years in NHANES 2009‐2014 were used. Pocket depth (PD) and clinical attachment level (CAL) for six sites/tooth were ascertained by smoking status and plotted using contour maps to identify new patterns. Results In the overall sample, 19% (n = 2015) were current smokers and 56% (n = 6013) were never‐smokers. Contour maps of the overall sample showed teeth/sites most affected with mean PD > 2.1 mm were molars (2,3,15,18,19,30,31) in mesio‐lingual (ML) and disto‐lingual (DL) sites. Most affected sites for current smokers were interproximal sites of most posterior teeth. Among never‐smokers, fewer teeth/sites were affected with PD > 2.1 mm, whereas among smokers, number of affected teeth/sites increased with age. Overall, teeth/sites most affected with mean CAL≥2.1 mm were noted in 2,3(ML), 3(DL), 14(DF, DL), 15(MF, ML), 18(ML), 19(DL, ML), and 30‐31(ML, DL) with upper anterior teeth least affected. Among current smokers, several teeth/sites were affected (CAL≥2.1 mm): 2,3(all six sites), 4(ML, DL), 9(ML), 11‐21(DL), 13‐18(DF, ML, MIL, DL), 19‐20(DF, ML, MIL), 14‐18(MIF), 21(MIF, ML, DL), 22(MF), 23‐27(MIL), 24‐26(MIL, MF, DF in 26), 27(MF), 28(MF, ML, DL), 29‐31(all 6 sites except MIF 30,31). As age increased, more teeth/sites were affected among smokers and by the 5th decade nearly all teeth/sites had CAL≥2.0 mm. Conclusions Contour mapping identifies patterns and dramatically visualizes the substantial periodontal site‐specific differences. Current smokers had more affected teeth and/or periodontal sites with a different contour pattern than never‐smokers.

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Cigarette Smoking Modulation of Saliva Microbial Composition and Cytokine Levels

Cited by 42 publications

References 101 publications

Profiling the Salivary microbiome of the Qatari population

Profiling the Salivary microbiome of the Qatari population

Inflammatory Biomarkers, Microbiome, Depression, and Executive Dysfunction in Alcohol Users

Data visualization of the relationship between smoking and periodontal site‐specific effects across the lifespan in the US adult population

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