Cigarette Smoking, Smoking Cessation, and Long-Term Risk of 3 Major Atherosclerotic Diseases

Genetics of Smoking and Risk of Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Diseases: A Mendelian Randomization Study

“…Our finding that smoking appears to more strongly influence the risk of PAD compared to CAD or stroke is consistent with recent results from the ARIC cohort, in which the effect of smoking was greatest for PAD. 4 While the mechanism behind the stronger relationship between smoking and PAD is not clear, structural and functional differences within the vascular beds and the complex interplay between smoking and other ASCVD risk factors may contribute. 33,34 The genetic liability to smoking is also associated with cardiometabolic traits that are themselves risk factors ASCVD.…”

“…Finally, future study of additional smoking-related traits, like duration/quantity of smoking and smoking cessation, and other MR methods may provide additional insight into potential differential effects of these traits in different vascular beds, clarifying recent observational findings that these traits may affect ASCVD risk. 4,50…”

“…finding the strongest effect of smoking on incident PAD compared to CAD or stroke. [1][2][3][4] Observational study designs may be limited, however, by modest overall sample size, measurement error, and risk of residual confounding. 5 A number of studies over the past several decades have identified detrimental effects of smoking on traditional cardiovascular risk factors including blood pressure, lipids, and diabetes.…”

Habitual cigarette smoking attenuates shear‐mediated dilation in the brachial artery but not in the carotid artery in young adults

“…Similarly, cerebrovascular FMD may be a useful marker for assessing the risk of developing cerebrovascular disease. A different cerebrovascular FMD compared with peripheral FMD in smokers indicates that cigarette smoking increases the risk of cardiovascular disease more than it does the risk of cerebrovascular disease, and epidemiological studies support this concept (Banks et al, ; Ding et al, ). However, further investigations are necessary to identify the different effects of smoking cigarette on cardiovascular or cerebrovascular endothelial function and development of these disease risks.…”

Coronary Artery Plaque Burden in Smokers and Never-Smokers: Quantification With Cardiac CT

“…For smokers, quitting smoking is likely the single most effective strategy to decrease their risk of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. In a recent publication reporting on more than 13,000 participants from a community-based cohort followed for almost three decades, a longer period of smoking cessation was consistently related to a lower risk of coronary heart disease, stroke, and peripheral artery disease, although the risks remained elevated compared to never-smokers for up to 2À3 decades (10). Plaque volume quantification by coronary CT angiography could provide insights into the mechanisms that mediate the powerful positive effect of smoking cessation.…”