Cigarette taxes, prices, and disparities in current smoking in the United States

Kalousová, Lucie; Levy, David T.; Titus, Andrea R; Meza, Rafael; Thrasher, James F.; Elliott, Michael R.; Fleischer, Nancy L.

doi:10.1016/j.ssmph.2020.100686

Cited by 16 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…Specifically, a 1-NIS increase in cigarette prices was linked to 2.0% lower odds of being a current smoker (adjusting for income and covariates). This finding is similar to that found in a study by Kalousova et al in the US, where a 1 dollar increase in local price was associated with 0.6% decrease in current smoking [20]. Levy et al emphasize that large increases in cigarette taxes is the most robust policy lever to reduce smoking alongside other strategies, such as smoke free laws, marketing bans, and media campaigns [21].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 85%

“…Specifically, our results indicate that higher cigarette prices are markedly related to lower odds of current smoking in individuals of moderate and high-income, but not significantly in participants of lowincome. This finding contradicts prior studies reporting that individuals of low-income exhibit greater price sensitivity than their higher income counterparts [20,22]. A study by Sharbaugh et al, however, similarly observed that cigarettes taxes had the least impact on the prevalence of smoking among low-income US adults [23], suggesting that this population might engage in price minimization behaviors, such as the use of roll-your-own cigarettes [24].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 62%

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Cigarette Prices and Smoking Behavior in Israel: Findings from a National Study of Adults (2002–2017)

Shuval

Stokłosa

Nargis

et al. 2021

IJERPH

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Tobacco taxation and price policies are considered the most effective for lowering demand for tobacco products. While this statement is based on research from numerous countries, scant evidence exists on this topic for Israel. Accordingly, we assessed the association between cigarette prices and smoking prevalence and intensity from a national sample of adults in Israel (2002–2017). Data on smoking behavior were derived from the Israeli Knowledge Attitudes and Practices (KAP) survey, a repeated cross-sectional survey. Price information is from the Economist Intelligence Unit (EIU) since it was not collected in the KAP survey. We used the price of a pack of 20 cigarettes for Marlboro and the local brand. These two price variables were the primary independent variables, and we adjusted for inflation. The dependent variables were current smoking (yes/no) and smoking intensity, defined as the number of cigarettes smoked per week. Multivariable analysis was employed using a two-part model while adjusting for covariates. The first step of the model utilized logistic regression with current smoking as the dependent variable. The second step examining smoking intensity as the dependent variable, used OLS regression. Price elasticity was estimated as well. Analysis revealed that a one-unit increase (Israeli currency) in the price of local brand of cigarettes was related to 2.0% (OR = 0.98; 95%CI 0.98, 0.99) lower odds of being a current smoker, adjusting for covariates including household income. Moreover, a one unit increase in the price of the local brand of cigarettes was related to consuming 1.49 (95% CI −1.97, −1.00) fewer weekly cigarettes, controlling for household income and covariates. Similar results were found with the Marlboro cigarette prices. The total price elasticity of cigarette demand, given by the sum of price elasticities of smoking prevalence and intensity, showed that a 10.0% increase in the price is associated with a 4.6–9.2% lower cigarette consumption among Israeli adults. Thus, increasing cigarette prices will likely lead to a reduction in cigarette smoking thereby improving public health in Israel.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 85%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 62%

Cigarette Prices and Smoking Behavior in Israel: Findings from a National Study of Adults (2002–2017)

Shuval

Stokłosa

Nargis

et al. 2021

IJERPH

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“…Tobacco taxes can help reduce tobacco‐related disparities in cancer occurrence across income groups and among Black men and AI/AN men and women. People with limited incomes are more sensitive to price than higher income populations and quit tobacco at greater rates after a tax increase 183,184 . The potentially positive effects of tobacco taxes in reducing disparities in the burden of tobacco‐related cancers can be even greater if tax revenues are dedicated to tobacco control and other health‐related programs that serve populations of lower SES 185 …”

Section: Future Directions (Next Steps)mentioning

confidence: 99%

American Cancer Society's report on the status of cancer disparities in the United States, 2021

Islami

Guerra

Minihan

et al. 2021

CA A Cancer J Clinicians

183

121

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In this report, the authors provide comprehensive and up‐to‐date US data on disparities in cancer occurrence, major risk factors, and access to and utilization of preventive measures and screening by sociodemographic characteristics. They also review programs and resources that have reduced cancer disparities and provide policy recommendations to further mitigate these inequalities. The overall cancer death rate is 19% higher among Black males than among White males. Black females also have a 12% higher overall cancer death rate than their White counterparts despite having an 8% lower incidence rate. There are also substantial variations in death rates for specific cancer types and in stage at diagnosis, survival, exposure to risk factors, and receipt of preventive measures and screening by race/ethnicity, socioeconomic status, and geographic location. For example, kidney cancer death rates by sex among American Indian/Alaska Native people are ≥64% higher than the corresponding rates in each of the other racial/ethnic groups, and the 5‐year relative survival for all cancers combined is 14% lower among residents of poorer counties than among residents of more affluent counties. Broad and equitable implementation of evidence‐based interventions, such as increasing health insurance coverage through Medicaid expansion or other initiatives, could substantially reduce cancer disparities. However, progress will require not only equitable local, state, and federal policies but also broad interdisciplinary engagement to elevate and address fundamental social inequities and longstanding systemic racism.

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“…There are a growing number of studies in the literature investigating the relationship between smoking behaviors and cigarette prices and taxes among adults [4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12] and adolescents [13][14][15]. Some studies have found that cigarette tax and price increases have significant impacts on reducing smoking prevalence [5,12,16,17]. Others have reported weak or no statistically significant effects of cigarette prices and taxes on cigarette use [18].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The association between smoking behaviors and prices and taxes per cigarette pack in the United States from 2000 through 2019

Jaffri

2022

BMC Public Health

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Objective The conclusions on how tax and price increases affect smoking behaviors are mixed. This work is devoted to re-evaluating the relationship between cigarette prices and taxes and smoking behaviors. Methods Using 2000–2019 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System data, we employed linear mixed-effect models to re-examine the impact of cigarette prices and taxes on smoking prevalence and the proportion of current smokers having tried to quit smoking in the past 12 months. All the analyses were conducted for the general population, then by age group, gender, race/ethnicity, and income level. Results The results indicate that higher cigarette prices and taxes were associated with a decrease in smoking prevalence and an increased likelihood of quitting smoking. Cigarette tax and price increases produced the most powerful impact on the smoking prevalence of 18- to 24-year-olds. The estimates also show that males tended to be more price-sensitive than females. Raising cigarette prices and taxes was estimated to be more effective in reducing the smoking prevalence among non-Hispanic Blacks and Hispanics when compared to non-Hispanic whites. Cigarette price and tax changes were likely to have a smaller effect on individuals with annual income under $25,000 relative to individuals with higher income levels. Conclusions Increases in cigarette prices and taxes are significantly associated with a reduction in smoking prevalence and an increased likelihood of quitting smoking among adults across different demographic and socioeconomic groups. However, as cigarette price and tax changes disproportionately affect low-income individuals, raising cigarette prices and taxes may deepen income disparities.

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Cigarette taxes, prices, and disparities in current smoking in the United States

Cited by 16 publications

References 32 publications

Cigarette Prices and Smoking Behavior in Israel: Findings from a National Study of Adults (2002–2017)

Cigarette Prices and Smoking Behavior in Israel: Findings from a National Study of Adults (2002–2017)

American Cancer Society's report on the status of cancer disparities in the United States, 2021

The association between smoking behaviors and prices and taxes per cigarette pack in the United States from 2000 through 2019

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