Cigarettes as a Source of Some Trace and Heavy Metals and Pesticides in Man

Mussalo‐Rauhamaa, Helena; Leppänen, Antti; Salmela, S.; Pyysalo, Heikki

doi:10.1080/00039896.1986.9935765

Cited by 120 publications

(84 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…2 Heavy metals in cigarette tobacco may cause a significantly serious damage on human health. In fact, some surveys clarified that the contents of certain toxic heavy metals, especially cadmium, in fat, 3 blood 4 and liver 5 of tobacco smokers were much higher than those of non-smokers. The monitoring of heavy metals in tobacco and food samples, therefore, is essential for protection of the environment and of our health.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Determination of Cadmium, Zinc, Nickel and Cobalt in Tobacco by Reversed-Phase High-Performance Liquid Chromatography with 2-(8-Quinolylazo)-4,5-diphenylimidazole as a Chelating Reagent

2005

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A sensitive and selective method has been developed for the simultaneous determination of cadmium, zinc, nickel and cobalt. The method is based on the chelation of metal ions with 2-(8-quinolylazo)-4,5-diphenylimidazole (QAI) and the subsequent reversed-phase (RP) high-performance liquid chromatographic separation and spectrophotometric detection of the metal chelates. The chelates were separated on an RP column with acetonitrile-water containing ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid and sodium acetate (pH 7.5). Though Zn(II) and Cd(II) chelates with azo compounds were generally labile in the RP column, these chelates with QAI were successfully detected. When analyses were carried out at 575 nm and at 0.001 absorbance unit full scale, the peak height calibration curves were linear up to 2.0 ng for Cd(II), 2.4 ng for Zn(II), 0.14 ng for Ni(II) and 0.72 ng for Co(II) in 100-µL injections, respectively; the detection limits (3σ, three times of the standard deviation for the blank signal) for Cd(II), Zn(II), Ni(II) and Co(II) were 4.8, 24, 2.4 and 7.2 pg in 100 µL of injected solution, respectively. The proposed method was successfully applied to the analysis of tobacco without any preliminary concentration or separation.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Determination of Cadmium, Zinc, Nickel and Cobalt in Tobacco by Reversed-Phase High-Performance Liquid Chromatography with 2-(8-Quinolylazo)-4,5-diphenylimidazole as a Chelating Reagent

2005

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“…A portion of iron from tobacco leaf and cigarette paper is present in mainstream smoke is well established. The Fe content of tobacco has been reported to be 420 Rg/g in 440-1,150 1.tg/g of cigarette [56]. Approximately 0.1% of the cigarette Fe is present in mainstream smoke.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of Essential Trace and Toxic Elements in Scalp Hair Samples of Smokers and Alcohol User Hypertensive Patients

Afridi

Brabazon

Kazi

et al. 2011

Biol Trace Elem Res

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The incidence of hypertension has been associated to cigarette smoking and consumption of alcohol. In the present study, trace and toxic elements were determined in scalp hair of patients diagnosed with hypertension who are smokers and habitual alcohol drinkers living in Dublin, Ireland. These results were compared with age-and sex-matched healthy, nonsmokers, nondrinking controls. The concentrations of trace and toxic elements were measured by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrophotometer after microwave-assisted acid digestion. The validity and accuracy of the methodology were checked using certified reference material (NCS ZC 81002b) and by the conventional wet acid digestion method on the same certified reference material and on real samples. The recovery of all the studied elements was found to be in the range of 97.5%-99.7% in certified reference material. The results of this study showed that the mean values of cadmium, copper, iron, nickel and lead were significantly higher in scalp hair samples of both smoker and nonsmoker hypertensive patients than referents (P<0.001), whereas, the concentration of zinc was lower in the scalp hair samples of hypertensive patients of both genders. The deficiency of zinc and the high exposure of trace and toxic metals as a result of cigarette smoking and alcohol consumption may be synergistic with risk factors associated with hypertension.

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“…Results Table 1 shows the concentrations of Cd in tobacco leaf or cigarettes by country of harvest or production from references after 1980 [2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11] . The concentration in Table 1 is shown in dry or wet weight.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cadmium Absorption from Smoking Cigarettes: Calculation Using Recent Findings from Japan

Sugita

Izuno

Tatemichi

et al. 2001

Environ. Health Prev. Med.

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Consumed substances, including food, drink, and tobacco, produced in the environment are exposure sources of Cd. The object of the present study was to estimate Cd exposure and absorption amount from smoking cigarettes, one exposure source of Cd, using recent findings from Japan. The market share of cigarettes produced in foreign countries has increased in Japan, the proportion of tobacco leaves harvested in foreign countries has increased in cigarettes produced in Japan, and the percentage of smokers in Japan has changed. Therefore, obtaining the absorption value of Cd from smoking cigarettes using recent findings from Japan is significant.We collected information on (1) the concentrations of Cd in tobacco leaves by country of harvest and in cigarettes by country of production, (2) the concentrations of Cd in cigarette smoke, (3) the proportion of tobacco leaves harvested in foreign countries used in cigarettes made and sold in Japan, (4) the absorption rate of Cd in the airways for cigarette smoke, (5) the smoking rate by gender, age, and year in Japan, (6) the number of cigarettes sold in Japan by year and country of production, (7) the number of cigarettes smoked by smokers per day according to gender and age in Japan, and (8) the population size in 1998 by gender and age in Japan. The mean amount of Cd absorbed via the airways by smoking for smokers in Japan was calculated to be 0.89-1.78 μg/day from the above information. The values are not small in comparison with the amount of Cd absorbed from the digestive organs.The concentration of Cd in tobacco leaves harvested in Japan and cigarettes produced in Japan is generally higher than that of leaves harvested and cigarettes produced in foreign countries. The increase in the market share of cigarettes produced in foreign countries and sold in Japan and the increase in the proportion of tobacco leaves harvested in foreign countries used in cigarettes made and sold in Japan have decreased the amount of Cd absorbed by smoking for smokers in Japan.

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Cigarettes as a Source of Some Trace and Heavy Metals and Pesticides in Man

Cited by 120 publications

References 19 publications

Determination of Cadmium, Zinc, Nickel and Cobalt in Tobacco by Reversed-Phase High-Performance Liquid Chromatography with 2-(8-Quinolylazo)-4,5-diphenylimidazole as a Chelating Reagent

Determination of Cadmium, Zinc, Nickel and Cobalt in Tobacco by Reversed-Phase High-Performance Liquid Chromatography with 2-(8-Quinolylazo)-4,5-diphenylimidazole as a Chelating Reagent

Evaluation of Essential Trace and Toxic Elements in Scalp Hair Samples of Smokers and Alcohol User Hypertensive Patients

Cadmium Absorption from Smoking Cigarettes: Calculation Using Recent Findings from Japan

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