Circadian changes in energy expenditure in the preruminant calf: whole animal and tissue level1

Ortigues, Isabelle; Martin, Cécile; Durand, Dominique; Vermorel, M.

doi:10.2527/1995.732552x

Cited by 16 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…According to previous results with growing pigs (van Milgen et al, 1998), FHP of EM pigs was higher than that of castrated pigs (Table 3). This result agrees with the greater mass of viscera in EM than in SC (Quiniou and Noblet, 1995), which influences FHP (Koong et al, 1982, 1985; Pekas and Wray, 1991) because of the greater energy requirements of the portal-drained viscera (Johnson et al, 1990; Ortigues et al, 1995). Estimating FHP allows determining ME m in growing animals as the ratio between FHP and k mg (Labussière et al, 2009) without involving the classical regression analyses between RE and ME intake (Kielanowski, 1965; Baldwin, 1995b).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 70%

Partitioning of heat production in growing pigs as a tool to improve the determination of efficiency of energy utilization

Labussière¹,

Dubois²,

Milgen³

et al. 2013

Front. Physiol.

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In growing pigs, the feed cost accounts for more than 60% of total production costs. The determination of efficiency of energy utilization through calorimetry measurements is of importance to sustain suitable feeding practice. The objective of this paper is to describe a methodology to correct daily heat production (HP) obtained from measurements in respiration chamber for the difference in energy expenditure related to physical activity between animals. The calculation is based on a preliminary published approach for partitioning HP between HP due to physical activity (AHP), thermic effect of feeding (TEF) and basal metabolic rate (fasting HP; FHP). Measurements with male growing pigs [mean body weight (BW): 115 kg] which were surgically castrated (SC), castrated through immunization against GnRH (IC), or kept as entire male (EM) were used as an example. Animals were fed the same diet ad-libitum and were housed individually in two 12-m3 open-circuit respiration chambers during 6 days when fed ad-libitum and one supplementary day when fasted. Physical activity was recorded through interruption of an infrared beam to detect standing and lying positions and with force transducers that recorded the mechanical force the animal exerted on the floor of the cage. Corrected AHP (AHPc), TEF (TEFc), and HP (HPc) were calculated to standardize the level of AHP between animals, assuming that the ratio between AHPc and ME intake should be constant. Inefficiency of energy utilization (sum of AHPc and TEFc) was lower than the inefficiency estimated from the slope of the classical relationship between HPc and ME intake but was associated with higher requirements for maintenance. Results indicate that EM pigs had higher FHP but lower TEFc than IC and SC pigs. These results agree with the higher contents in viscera of EM pigs that stimulate their basal metabolic rate and with the reduced utilization of dietary protein to provide energy for maintenance energy requirements and fat deposition (FD).

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 70%

Partitioning of heat production in growing pigs as a tool to improve the determination of efficiency of energy utilization

Labussière¹,

Dubois²,

Milgen³

et al. 2013

Front. Physiol.

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“…Gastrointestinal hypertrophy with decreasing FF contributes to increased energy requirements, because portal-drained viscera account for a disproportionately large amount of HP. Although they represent only 6% of total BW in milk-fed calves, these tissues are responsible for 17% of HP, and even for 33 to 54% of the postprandial increase of HP (Ortigues et al, 1995). An improved synchrony between energy supply and energy requirements may also have increased ER at a higher FF.…”

Section: Energy Partitioning and Protein Utilizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Surprisingly, the considerable differences in circadian fluctuations of HP did not result in a different HP for the 3 FF. The circadian rhythm of HP can be compared with the results in young calves of 60 kg of BW (Ortigues et al, 1995). Those researchers fed calves twice daily within an 8-h interval at a FL of 2.3 × ME m .…”

Section: Circadian Rhythmsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Feeding Frequency and Feeding Level on Nutrient Utilization in Heavy Preruminant Calves

Borne

Verstegen

Alferink

et al. 2006

Journal of Dairy Science

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The objective of this study was to determine the effects of feeding frequency (FF) and feeding level (FL) on protein and energy metabolism in adapted, heavy preruminant calves. It was hypothesized that an increased FF would increase protein utilization by an improved synchrony between the supply of and requirements for protein during the day when a quickly hydrolyzable protein source was used. Eighteen Holstein Friesian calves of 136 +/- 3 kg of body weight were assigned to FF (1, 2, or 4 meals daily) at 2 FL (1.5 or 2.5 times the metabolizable energy requirements for maintenance), except for calves fed once daily (only at a low FL). Calves were individually housed in respiration chambers during 2 experimental periods of 10 d. Whey protein was the only protein source in the diet. Neither FL nor FF affected apparent fecal nutrient digestibility. Increasing FF increased the efficiency with which digestible protein was utilized in calves. The increase was greater at a high FL (+11% from 2 to 4 meals/d) than at a low FL (+5% from 2 to 4 meals/d), but no significant interaction occurred between FL and FF. An increased FF and a higher FL enhanced fat deposition. Heat production was not affected by FF, but its circadian rhythm differed considerably between FF. Activity-related heat production was not affected by FF or FL. Thus, increasing FF improved the efficiency with which protein and energy were utilized in heavy preruminant calves when a quickly hydrolyzable protein source was used.

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“…In neonatal pigs, the small intestine is the major site of endogenous arginine synthesis, but during development it becomes the major site of The liver is the second tissue which can be studied individually. Although several studies report hepatic nutrient fluxes in preruminant calves [82][83][84][85], the fate of individual amino acids is not described and amino acid catabolism by the liver can not be quantified. In conclusion, the few data available do not directly suggest preferential utilization of amino acids by specific tissues in preruminant calves.…”

Section: Preferential Utilization By Particular Tissuesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…They showed that the hepatic capacity for gluconeogenesis from lactate in milk-fed calves is much higher than in ruminant calves. Also, Ortigues et al [85] suggested that the Cori cycle can be of greater importance in preruminants than in ruminants. For propionate, the gluconeogenic capacity was shown to be at least as high as in ruminant calves [88].…”

Section: Utilization Of Amino Acids For Gluconeogenesismentioning

confidence: 99%

Reviewing the low efficiency of protein utilization in heavy preruminant calves – a reductionist approach

Borne

Verdonk²,

Schrama

et al. 2006

Reprod. Nutr. Dev.

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-The efficiency of protein utilization for growth in preruminant calves is decreasing with increasing body weight. In contrast to calves weighing less than 100 kg of body weight, heavy preruminant calves do not respond in protein retention to an increased intake of indispensable amino acids in dose-response studies. The marginal efficiency of protein utilization is low compared with pigs and milk-fed lambs at a similar stage of maturity. A reductionist approach was taken to perceive the potential mechanisms for the low protein utilization in preruminant calves. Neither an imbalance in the dietary protein to energy ratio nor a single limiting indispensable amino acid was responsible for the low efficiency. Also, amino acids were not specifically used to detoxify ammonia. Alternative hypotheses to explain the low efficiency are discussed and result in (i) a reduced post-absorptive supply of amino acids: e.g. by fermentation of milk in the (premature) rumen or preferential amino acid utilization by specific tissues; or (ii) a reduced post-absorptive amino acid utilization: e.g. by decreased insulin sensitivity, utilization of amino acids for gluconeogenesis or an asynchronous nutrient supply. In conclusion, several mechanisms for the low efficiency of protein utilization in heavy preruminant calves were excluded. Other physiological processes which are potentially involved remain to be studied, because the large potential for improving protein utilization in heavy preruminant calves asks for further exploration of their amino acid metabolism.calf / veal / protein metabolism / efficiency / amino acids / preruminant

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Circadian changes in energy expenditure in the preruminant calf: whole animal and tissue level1

Cited by 16 publications

References 29 publications

Partitioning of heat production in growing pigs as a tool to improve the determination of efficiency of energy utilization

Partitioning of heat production in growing pigs as a tool to improve the determination of efficiency of energy utilization

Effects of Feeding Frequency and Feeding Level on Nutrient Utilization in Heavy Preruminant Calves

Reviewing the low efficiency of protein utilization in heavy preruminant calves – a reductionist approach

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