Circadian Clocks, Food Intake, and Metabolism

Challet, Étienne

doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-396971-2.00005-1

Cited by 81 publications

(65 citation statements)

References 180 publications

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“…As a consequence, transportation of lipids via the general circulation depends on their association with hydrophilic molecules, called apolipoproteins. Lipid molecules, such as triglycerides (TG) and cholesterol, are transported with the help of these apolipoproteins (Challet, 2013;Hussain and Pan, 2009). Experiments in rats and mice suggest that the nocturnal rise in plasma TGs and cholesterol is caused by changes in apoB lipoproteins.…”

Section: Daily Rhythms Of Lipid Metabolismmentioning

confidence: 99%

Circadian rhythms in glucose and lipid metabolism in nocturnal and diurnal mammals

Jha

Challet

Kalsbeek

2015

Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology

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189

129

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a b s t r a c tMost aspects of energy metabolism display clear variations during day and night. This daily rhythmicity of metabolic functions, including hormone release, is governed by a circadian system that consists of the master clock in the suprachiasmatic nuclei of the hypothalamus (SCN) and many secondary clocks in the brain and peripheral organs. The SCN control peripheral timing via the autonomic and neuroendocrine system, as well as via behavioral outputs. The sleepewake cycle, the feeding/fasting rhythm and most hormonal rhythms, including that of leptin, ghrelin and glucocorticoids, usually show an opposite phase (relative to the lightedark cycle) in diurnal and nocturnal species. By contrast, the SCN clock is most active at the same astronomical times in these two categories of mammals. Moreover, in both species, pineal melatonin is secreted only at night. In this review we describe the current knowledge on the regulation of glucose and lipid metabolism by central and peripheral clock mechanisms. Most experimental knowledge comes from studies in nocturnal laboratory rodents. Nevertheless, we will also mention some relevant findings in diurnal mammals, including humans. It will become clear that as a consequence of the tight connections between the circadian clock system and energy metabolism, circadian clock impairments (e.g., mutations or knock-out of clock genes) and circadian clock misalignments (such as during shift work and chronic jet-lag) have an adverse effect on energy metabolism, that may trigger or enhancing obese and diabetic symptoms.

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Section: Daily Rhythms Of Lipid Metabolismmentioning

confidence: 99%

Circadian rhythms in glucose and lipid metabolism in nocturnal and diurnal mammals

Jha

Challet

Kalsbeek

2015

Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology

Self Cite

189

129

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…As circadian rhythm synchronizers, it is hypothesized that fasting and time-restricted feeding regimens that actively impose a diurnal rhythm of food intake aligned with the 24-hour light-dark cycle lead to improved Highest blood pressure oscillations in circadian clock gene expression, the reprogramming of molecular mechanisms of energy metabolism, and improved body weight regulation (47). Interested readers are encouraged to read more about these molecular outcomes in detailed reviews on the mechanisms underlying circadian biology (18,26,35,77,89,93). Taken together, these data strongly suggest that the timing of food intake is an important determinant of human health and disease risk.…”

Section: Circadian Biologymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Feeding signals appear to be the dominant timing cue for the rhythms of peripheral clocks, including those that control metabolic pathways. Thus, consuming energy outside the normal feeding phase (i.e., late-night eating in humans) may reset some peripheral clocks and disrupt energy balance (18). The evidence that nutrient signals and meal timing are circadian synchronizers is based largely on animal research (26,93).…”

Section: Circadian Biologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Metabolic Effects of Intermittent Fasting

2017

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The objective of this review is to provide an overview of intermittent fasting regimens, summarize the evidence on the health benefits of intermittent fasting, and discuss physiological mechanisms by which intermittent fasting might lead to improved health outcomes. A MEDLINE search was performed using PubMed and the terms "intermittent fasting," "fasting," "time-restricted feeding," and "food timing." Modified fasting regimens appear to promote weight loss and may improve metabolic health. Several lines of evidence also support the hypothesis that eating patterns that reduce or eliminate nighttime eating and prolong nightly fasting intervals may result in sustained improvements in human health. Intermittent fasting regimens are hypothesized to influence metabolic regulation via effects on (a) circadian biology, (b) the gut microbiome, and (c) modifiable lifestyle behaviors, such as sleep. If proven to be efficacious, these eating regimens offer promising nonpharmacological approaches to improving health at the population level, with multiple public health benefits.

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“…20 These novel metabolic and physiological outcomes are supported by two conceptual frameworks: a circadian entrainment that shifts the phase of the clock proteins and regulatory metabolic mechanism to mealtime, 31 and a hypocaloric condition that is implicit in the $30% lower food intake in the RF group. 32,33 It has been reported that three key regulatory parameters controlling liver metabolism are modified by the daytime restricted feeding schedule: redox state (becomes oxidized before food access), energy charge (ATP increases during food anticipatory activity), and mitochondrial activity (elevation of mitochondrial membrane potential) (in Mendoza 34 and references within). There are two ways to interpret the concept of FEO as a system to predict the availability of food: one is to consider the FEO as a variety of oscillators, responding to mealtime, located in the brain and periphery that act in coordination to modulate the behavioral, endocrine and metabolic responses when food-related cues alter the circadian timing system.…”

Section: Daytime Restricted Feeding Protocolmentioning

confidence: 99%

Restricted feeding modulates the daily variations of liver glutamate dehydrogenase activity, expression, and histological location

Vázquez‐Martínez¹,

Méndez²,

Turrubiate³

et al. 2017

Exp Biol Med (Maywood)

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Impact statementFor the first time, we are reporting the changes in daily rhythmicity of glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) mRNA, protein and activity that occur in the liver during the expression of the food entrained oscillator (FEO). These results are part of the metabolic adaptations that modulate the hepatic timing system when the protocol of daytime restricted feeding is applied. As highlight, it was demonstrated higher GDH protein and activity in the mitochondrial fraction. These results contribute to a better understanding of the influence of the FEO in the energy and nitrogen handling in the liver. They could also be significant in the pathophysiology of hepatic diseases related with circadian abnormalities. AbstractGlutamate dehydrogenase is an important enzyme in the hepatic regulation of nitrogen and energy metabolism. It catalyzes one of the most relevant anaplerotic reactions. Although its relevance in liver homeostasis has been widely described, its daily pattern and responsiveness to restricted feeding protocols has not been studied. We explored the daily variations of liver glutamate dehydrogenase transcription, protein, activity, and histochemical and subcellular location in a protocol of daytime food synchronization in rats. Restricted feeding involved food access for 2 h each day for three weeks. Control groups included food ad libitum as well as acute fasting (21 h fasting) and refeeding (22 h fasting followed by 2 h of food access). Glutamate dehydrogenase mRNA, protein, activity, and histological location were measured every 3 h by qPCR, Western blot, spectrophotometry, and immunohistochemistry, respectively, to generate 24-h profiles. Restricted feeding promoted higher levels of mitochondrial glutamate dehydrogenase protein and activity, as well as a loss of 24-h rhythmicity, in comparison to ad libitum conditions. The rhythmicity of glutamate dehydrogenase activity detected in serum was changed. The data demonstrated that daytime restricted feeding enhanced glutamate dehydrogenase protein and activity levels in liver mitochondria, changed the rhythmicity of its mRNA and serum activity, but without effect in its expression in hepatocytes surrounding central and portal veins. These results could be related to the adaptation in nitrogen and energy metabolism that occurs in the liver during restricted feeding and the concomitant expression of the food entrainable oscillator.Keywords: Glutamate dehydrogenase, mitochondria, food synchronization, daily variations Experimental Biology and Medicine 2017; 242: 945-952.

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Circadian Clocks, Food Intake, and Metabolism

Cited by 81 publications

References 180 publications

Circadian rhythms in glucose and lipid metabolism in nocturnal and diurnal mammals

Circadian rhythms in glucose and lipid metabolism in nocturnal and diurnal mammals

Metabolic Effects of Intermittent Fasting

Restricted feeding modulates the daily variations of liver glutamate dehydrogenase activity, expression, and histological location

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