Circuit Topologies, Modeling, Control Schemes, and Applications of Modular Multilevel Converters

Pérez, Marcelo A.; Bernet, Steffen; Rodríguez, José; Kouro, Samir; Lizana, Ricardo

doi:10.1109/tpel.2014.2310127

Cited by 1,181 publications

(500 citation statements)

References 97 publications

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“…Equations from (13) to (15) expresses the active control for the dc-link only for a-phase cells (n = a).…”

Section: Dc-voltage Control Loopmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…As an example, Siemens already uses a half-bridge MMC topology known as HVDC PLUS for applications up to 1,000 MW. In this context, many works have been reported dealing with comparisons between several multilevel topologies [13][14][15][16]. Although all multilevel topologies have similar performance, only the Asymmetric CHB is capable of producing the same output-voltage level with a minimum number of power semiconductors [17][18][19].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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An Improved Asymmetric Cascaded Multilevel D–STATCOM with Enhanced Hybrid Modulation

2015

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Problems related to power quality, which in the last years were responsible only for small losses in low-voltage distribution systems, are now causing damage to power apparatuses and financial losses also in medium-voltage systems. The necessity of a better quality of power supply encourages the development of new specific custom power devices directly connected in medium-voltage distribution systems. It is well know that the multilevel converters are capable of being installed directly in the medium voltage, and presents several advantages when compared with conventional two-level converters. Some topologies, like the asymmetric cascaded multilevel converter, presents difficulties in regulating the voltages of all isolated dc-link capacitors. In this context, this article presents an asymmetric nineteen-level D-STATCOM (Distribution Static Synchronous Compensator) with a reactive power and dc-link regulation control loops for generic cascaded multilevel converters in order to improve the power quality in medium-voltage distribution systems. The performance of the proposed control method for a multilevel D-STATCOM is presented and evaluated in a downscaled prototype. OPEN ACCESSElectronics 2015, 4 312

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“…Equations from (13) to (15) expresses the active control for the dc-link only for a-phase cells (n = a).…”

Section: Dc-voltage Control Loopmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

An Improved Asymmetric Cascaded Multilevel D–STATCOM with Enhanced Hybrid Modulation

2015

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Projects up to 1000 MW are realized or planned to be built [2]. The HVDC systems have to be designed and controlled to provide high efficiency, availability and reliability during steady state operation as well as during fault conditions being very challenging at DC side [3], [4], [5], [6].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Thermal Analysis and Balancing for Modular Multilevel Converters in HVDC Applications

Hahn

Andresen

Buticchi

et al. 2018

IEEE Trans. Power Electron.

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Abstract-The modular multilevel converter (MMC) has become a very attractive solution for interfacing high voltages in hybrid networks. The MMC enables scalability to different power levels, full controllability provided by IGBTs and can achieve very high efficiencies by using a low switching frequency method as the nearest level modulation. However, the nearest level modulation requires a capacitor voltage balancing algorithm, which can result in unbalanced loading for the power semiconductors in the different submodules. Particularly at low power factor operation, which could occur in case of low-voltage ride through and of reactive power injection, the conventional algorithm is not effective anymore. This article provides thermal stress analysis of the MMC in operation and proposes a thermal balancing approach, which is embedded in the capacitor voltage balancing algorithm. The purpose of the thermal balancing is to achieve similar stress distribution among the different submodules to enhance the lifetime. The junction temperatures in the different submodules are studied for HVDC applications and the article proves experimentally, that the thermal balance within the submodules is significantly improved.

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“…Recently, a new family called modular multilevel converters (MMC) gained popularity thanks to its attractive features in high power applications [8][9][10]. …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Model predictive control of multilevel cascaded converter with boosting capability – experimental results

Wiatr

Kryński

2017

Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences

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Abstract. The main goal of this paper is to present a five-level converter with the feature of output voltage boosting capability. Thanks to its modular construction and single DC source usage, 5LCHB converter becomes an important alternative for two-level converters operating with DC-DC converters that use bulky inductors. Furthermore, model predictive control (MPC) method is presented, which allows for boosting output voltage of presented converter while providing three-phase load current control and flying capacitor voltage stabilization. The last section describes a 5kVA laboratory model of five-level hybrid converter interfacing RL load and shows experimental results confirming theoretical analysis derived in previous sections. By applying modifications to classic multilevel converter topologies, another branch called hybrid converters was created.Hybrid converters integrate more than one converter topology into one. Each new topology has its own advantages and drawbacks and suits a certain application.The following examples of hybrid converter topologies can be listed out: -5L-HNPC -cascaded connection of 3L-NPC converter[11], -ANCP-5L -3L-NPC converter connected with 3L-FC converter [12], -3L-NPC connected with H-bridge [13], -5L-MLC 2 -[14] This paper presents an investigation of a novel hybrid converter topology -five-level cascaded H-bridge converter (5LCHB) with only one DC source and model predictive controller (MPC). According to [1,15] this converter brings the following features:-generation of boosted output voltage, -good quality of output waveform with low THD, -fast response to reference current change. Utilization of the model predictive controller (MPC) for 5LCHB converter was tested in [1,15]. The advantages of MPC control can be summed up as follows:-simple solution for multilevel converter compared to other control strategies, -elimination of PWM modulator, -simple implementation of capacitor voltage balancing. Among the disadvantages of the MPC control we may list:-requirement of fast processor for on-line optimization, -the knowledge of the load parameters. Previous publication concerning 5LCHB converter with MPC control used only simulation model [1,[15][16][17]. This work examines 5 kVA laboratory model of 5LCHB with the MPC control.

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Circuit Topologies, Modeling, Control Schemes, and Applications of Modular Multilevel Converters

Cited by 1,181 publications

References 97 publications

An Improved Asymmetric Cascaded Multilevel D–STATCOM with Enhanced Hybrid Modulation

An Improved Asymmetric Cascaded Multilevel D–STATCOM with Enhanced Hybrid Modulation

Thermal Analysis and Balancing for Modular Multilevel Converters in HVDC Applications

Model predictive control of multilevel cascaded converter with boosting capability – experimental results

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