Circuits and Antennas Incorporating Gallium-Based Liquid Metal

Alkaraki, Shaker; Tang, Shi‐Yang; Wang, Yi; Kelly, James R.

doi:10.1109/jproc.2023.3285400

Cited by 19 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 184 publications

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“…Liquid metal-based soft and stretchy antennas have been demonstrated in literature for pressure, touch, and tactile responsiveness. [83][84][85] However, chemical interactions through electromagnetic signal communication might become a new research paradigm.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Liquid Metal in Expired Artificial Kidneys: A Nanoporous Soft Conductive Wire Platform for Unconventional Interfacial Fluidic Studies

Monwar,

Hossain,

Licup

et al. 2023

Adv Funct Materials

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Strong chemical or voltage‐driven studies of gallium alloys (liquid metal, LM) show methods of altering the surface energy of the bare alloys by controlling Ga2O3 (Gallium Oxide)‐ a 3‐5 nm surface oxide that forms on LM. However, various fluids (i.e., water) interact weakly compared to strong acids or bases and do not etch Ga2O3. Specialized instruments are often required to study such interactions, which are not readily available. Herein, an LM‐based nanoporous conductive wire platform is demonstrated, which can effectively be utilized for real‐time weaker interfacial studies. The unconventional platform allows fluid transport and interfacial studies within the nanoporous domain, which is still foreign in the literature. Nanoporous conductive wires are fabricated by injecting eutectic gallium indium (eGaIn) into hollow microtubes collected from expired and unused artificial kidneys. These steps upcycle medical waste and confine Ga2O3 at the nanopores for an inexpensive metal‐oxide/metal framework. The platform for interfacial fluidics is harnessed, leveraging deionized (DI) water, 1 m hydrochloric acid (HCl), and 95% ethanol (EtOH). This study also demonstrates capacitive sensors that can be immediately implemented using nanoporous conducive wires. Advanced applications from this study suggest that future exploration of such soft systems can lead to more nano/bioanalyses harnessing LM alloys.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Liquid Metal in Expired Artificial Kidneys: A Nanoporous Soft Conductive Wire Platform for Unconventional Interfacial Fluidic Studies

Monwar,

Hossain,

Licup

et al. 2023

Adv Funct Materials

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“…[1][2][3][4] LM has already been reported to be used in stretchable microwave devices as well as reconfigurable microwave devices. 5 Stretchable microwave devices can be implemented by taking advantage of LM stretchability, that is, 2D shaped to fit specific geometric features. However, the removability of LM was strictly limited after their shapes were fixed in these devices.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A simply accessed approach of 2D‐shaping liquid metal in microwave device applications

Fang,

Kelly,

Alkaraki

2024

Micro & Optical Tech Letters

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In this letter, a simply accessed approach of 2D‐shaping liquid metal (LM) is presented. This approach allows a microwave device to take advantage of LM in both stretchability and removability. This approach is achieved based on the Young–Laplace theory of liquid surface tension, as well as the surface oxidization that LM possesses. An application example of this approach is demonstrated by a functional changeable microwave device. The proposed device operates in antenna mode when LM is not incorporated. Then, it can change to resonator mode after filling 2D‐shaped LM into fluidic channels. To our knowledge, it is the first device that is capable of changing its function using LM. The measured gain of the proposed microwave device is 7.1 dBi at 2.68 GHz when it operates in antenna mode. The measured insertion loss of the proposed microwave is 1.8 dB at 2.62 GHz when it operates in resonator mode.

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Controllable Flow and Manipulation of Liquid Metals

He,

You,

Dickey

et al. 2023

Adv Funct Materials

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This review summarizes the controllable flow and manipulation of gallium‐based liquid metals (e.g., eutectic gallium indium, EGaIn). There are generally only a few ways to handle fluids, but liquid metals offer versatile control due to their properties: 1) excellent fluidity, 2) adjustable surface tension, 3) electrically and chemically controllable surface oxides, 4) metallic electrical and thermal conductivity, and 5) the ability to alloy with other metals (e.g., magnetic particles). These all‐in‐one properties empower liquid metals to exhibit controllable flow in confined microchannels (steerable flow) and from nozzles (printable flow), and make liquid metals susceptible to various energy fields, including electric, magnetic, electromagnetic, wave, and light fields. Consequently, the flow and manipulation of liquid metals enable intriguing morphological changes (e.g., formation of droplets/plugs, jets, fibers) and controllable motion (e.g., jumping, bouncing, directional locomotion, rotation) of liquid metals with new fluidic phenomena and practical applications such as soft electronics and robotics. This review aims to present a selective framework and provide an insightful understanding for controlling and shaping liquid metals, thereby stimulating further research and generating increased interest in this topic.

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Circuits and Antennas Incorporating Gallium-Based Liquid Metal

Cited by 19 publications

References 184 publications

Liquid Metal in Expired Artificial Kidneys: A Nanoporous Soft Conductive Wire Platform for Unconventional Interfacial Fluidic Studies

Liquid Metal in Expired Artificial Kidneys: A Nanoporous Soft Conductive Wire Platform for Unconventional Interfacial Fluidic Studies

A simply accessed approach of 2D‐shaping liquid metal in microwave device applications

Controllable Flow and Manipulation of Liquid Metals

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