Circulating and tissue hematocrits of normal unanesthetized mice

Friedman, Julius J.

doi:10.1152/ajplegacy.1959.196.2.420

Cited by 22 publications

(7 citation statements)

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“…The CPS amounts reported were corrected by subtraction of the amount of CPS found in the plasma volume in each organ [18], and resulting negative values after subtraction were adjusted to zero. The organ analysis results are presented in comparison with CPS amounts present in serum, which were calculated based on the following information: 1) the blood volume of a mouse is estimated at 5.77 mL/100g, 2) half of the blood volume is plasma [19], and 3) the average weight of mice used in the study is 25.9 g.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

In vivo Distribution and Clearance of Purified Capsular Polysaccharide from Burkholderia pseudomallei in a Murine Model

et al. 2016

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Burkholderia pseudomallei is the causative agent of melioidosis, a severe infection prominent in northern Australia and Southeast Asia. The “gold standard” for melioidosis diagnosis is bacterial isolation, which takes several days to complete. The resulting delay in diagnosis leads to delayed treatments, which could result in death. In an attempt to develop better methods for early diagnosis of melioidosis, B. pseudomallei capsular polysaccharide (CPS) was identified as an important diagnostic biomarker. A rapid lateral flow immunoassay utilizing CPS-specific monoclonal antibody was developed and tested in endemic regions worldwide. However, the in vivo fate and clearance of CPS has never been thoroughly investigated. Here, we injected mice with purified CPS intravenously and determined CPS concentrations in serum, urine, and major organs at various intervals. The results indicate that CPS is predominantly eliminated through urine and no CPS accumulation occurs in the major organs. Immunoblot analysis demonstrated that intact CPS was excreted through urine. To understand how a large molecule like CPS was eliminated without degradation, a 3-dimenational structure of CPS was modeled. The predicted CPS structure has a rod-like shape with a small diameter that could allow it to flow through the glomerulus of the kidney. CPS clearance was determined using exponential decay models and the corrected Akaike Information Criterion. The results show that CPS has a relatively short serum half-life of 2.9 to 4.4 hours. Therefore, the presence of CPS in the serum and/or urine suggests active melioidosis infection and provides a marker to monitor treatment of melioidosis.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

In vivo Distribution and Clearance of Purified Capsular Polysaccharide from Burkholderia pseudomallei in a Murine Model

et al. 2016

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“…All estimates of the amounts of ␥DPGA in tissues were corrected for ␥DPGA found in the plasma volume in each tissue (8). Estimates of serum ␥DPGA were calculated in a manner similar to that of Grinsell et al (10), assuming that the blood volume for a mouse is 5.77 ml/100g, that half of the blood volume is plasma, and that the average weight of each mouse is 20 g. A preliminary experiment was done in which tissues were spiked with purified ␥DPGA.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

In Vivo Fate and Distribution of Poly-γ- d -Glutamic Acid, the Capsular Antigen from Bacillus anthracis

Sutherland¹,

Thorkildson²,

Parks

et al. 2008

Infect Immun

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Bacillus anthracis is surrounded by an antiphagocytic capsule composed of poly-␥-D-glutamic acid (␥DPGA).Bacterial and fungal capsular polysaccharides are shed into body fluids in large amounts during infection. The goal of our study was to examine the in vivo fate and distribution of the ␥DPGA capsular polypeptide. Mice were injected via the intravenous route with various amounts of purified ␥DPGA. Blood, urine, and various organs were harvested at different times after treatment. Sites of ␥DPGA accumulation were determined by immunoassay using monoclonal antibodies specific for ␥DPGA. The results showed that the liver and spleen were the primary sites for the accumulation of ␥DPGA. As found in previous studies of capsular polysaccharides, the Kupffer cells of the liver and splenic macrophages were sites for the cellular accumulation of ␥DPGA. Unlike capsular polysaccharides, the hepatic sinusoidal endothelial cells were also sites for ␥DPGA accumulation. ␥DPGA was rapidly cleared from serum and was excreted into the urine. ␥DPGA in the urine showed a reduced molecular size relative to native ␥DPGA. The results indicate that in vivo clearance of the polypeptide capsular antigen of B. anthracis shares several features with the clearance of capsular polysaccharides. Key differences between the in vivo behaviors of ␥DPGA and capsular polysaccharides include the accumulation of ␥DPGA in hepatic sinusoidal endothelial cells and a ␥DPGA clearance rate that was more rapid than the clearance reported for capsular polysaccharides.Most bacterial capsules are composed of polysaccharides. These capsules are essential to the virulence of many pathogenic bacteria, such as Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, and Neisseria meningitidis as well as the opportunistic yeast Cryptococcus neoformans. The capsules are characteristically antiphagocytic, and antibodies to capsular polysaccharides are protective. Capsular polysaccharides display a repeating epitope structure, have a high molecular weight, and resist degradation in vivo. These properties are characteristic of antigens classified as thymus-independent type 2 (22).Unlike the capsular polysaccharides that surround most bacteria, the capsule of Bacillus anthracis is a homopolymer of D-glutamic acid residues that are linked by the gamma carboxyl group (poly-␥-D-glutamic acid [␥DPGA]) (11). The ␥DPGA capsule is essential for virulence (5,14,30). Like capsular polysaccharides, ␥DPGA is poorly immunogenic, and the coupling of ␥DPGA to immunogenic protein carriers greatly enhances immunogenicity (15,24,25,29). Finally, as with capsular polysaccharides, antibodies to ␥DPGA are protective in murine models of pulmonary anthrax (2,15,18).Studies of the in vivo behaviors of capsular polysaccharides of S. pneumoniae, H. influenzae type b, and C. neoformans found that capsular polysaccharides accumulate in cells of the reticuloendothelial system and persist for weeks in tissues and serum. Despite the essential role played by ␥DPGA in the virulence of B. anthracis, little i...

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“…The amount of blood within the liver should be about 25 per cent of the total organ weight, as judged by the figures of 23-27 per cent found in rats (9, lo), and the hematocrit of this blood has been found to be about 0.77 of the large vessel hematocrit (9,10,20). Naturally, the solubility of krypton and xenon in liver tissue is affected by variations in both the volume and the hematocrit of the blood within the liver.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 92%

Hepatic Wash-out Curves of⁸⁵Kr and¹³³Xe after Retrograde Hepatic Venous Injections in Patients with Infectious Hepatitis and in Controls

Lundbergh¹,

Strandell²

1974

Scandinavian Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Investigation

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In 8 patients with infectious hepatitis and in 10 controls the disappearance rates of X5Kr and *:3:3Xe were measured externally after labeling hepatic tissue by retrograde simultaneous hepatic venous injections of the isotopes. As xenon has a higher affinity for fat than has krypton, the quotient between the halftime for "Kr and for Is3Xe could be used for calculation of hepatic fat content as well as the partition coefficients of the isotopes between hepatic tissue and blood. The estimated hepatic fat content was significantly higher in the patients than in the controls, 5.8 versus 3.6 per cent. The calculated partition coefficients in the controls were 1.09 and 1 . I 3, respectively, for krypton and xenon. The corresponding values in the patients were significantly higher, 1.25 and 1.41, respectively. The clearances of the isotopes seemed to overestimate the average perfusion coefficient by 25 per cent, a5 judged from total hepatic blood flows and expected liver weights. A possible explanation might be local hyperemia in the injected areas. The present data indicate that this method can be used to estimate partition coefficients and hepatic fat content.

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Circulating and tissue hematocrits of normal unanesthetized mice

Cited by 22 publications

References 0 publications

In vivo Distribution and Clearance of Purified Capsular Polysaccharide from Burkholderia pseudomallei in a Murine Model

In vivo Distribution and Clearance of Purified Capsular Polysaccharide from Burkholderia pseudomallei in a Murine Model

In Vivo Fate and Distribution of Poly-γ- d -Glutamic Acid, the Capsular Antigen from Bacillus anthracis

Hepatic Wash-out Curves of⁸⁵Kr and¹³³Xe after Retrograde Hepatic Venous Injections in Patients with Infectious Hepatitis and in Controls

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Circulating and tissue hematocrits of normal unanesthetized mice

Cited by 22 publications

References 0 publications

In vivo Distribution and Clearance of Purified Capsular Polysaccharide from Burkholderia pseudomallei in a Murine Model

In vivo Distribution and Clearance of Purified Capsular Polysaccharide from Burkholderia pseudomallei in a Murine Model

In Vivo Fate and Distribution of Poly-γ- d -Glutamic Acid, the Capsular Antigen from Bacillus anthracis

Hepatic Wash-out Curves of85Kr and133Xe after Retrograde Hepatic Venous Injections in Patients with Infectious Hepatitis and in Controls

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Hepatic Wash-out Curves of⁸⁵Kr and¹³³Xe after Retrograde Hepatic Venous Injections in Patients with Infectious Hepatitis and in Controls