Circulating growth differentiation factor 15 levels and apolipoprotein B to apolipoprotein A1 ratio in coronary artery disease patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus

Abstract

Background Clinical investigations have found that there was a close association between T2DM and adverse cardiovascular events, with possible mechanisms included inflammation, apoptosis, and lipid metabolism disorders. High serum GDF-15 concentration and the apolipoprotein B/apolipoprotein A1 ratio (ApoB/ApoA1) are involved in the above-mentioned mechanisms and are thought to be related to the occurrence of adverse cardiovascular events. However, it remains unclear whether circulating GDF-15 levels and the ApoB/ApoA1 ratio are related to T2DM patients with CAD. Methods T2DM patients with or without CAD were eligible for this study. According to the inclusion and exclusion criteria, 502 T2DM patients were enrolled between January 2021 and December 2021 and were then divided into T2DM group (n = 249) and CAD group (n = 253). The ApoB, ApoA1 and GDF-15 concentrations were measured at hospital admission and the ApoB/ApoA1 ratio was then calculated. Results Compared with T2DM group, serum GDF-15 levels and ApoB/ApoA1 ratio increased in CAD group. Furthermore, a positive relationship between the occurrence of CAD in diabetic population and circulating GDF-15 concentrations and ApoB/ApoA1 ratio was observed in logistic regression analysis (p < 0.01). Restrictive cubic spline analysis after adjusted for multiple risky variables showed that serum GDF-15 or ApoB/ApoA1 ratio correlated positively with CAD. Conclusions Circulating GDF-15 levels and serum ApoB/ApoA1 ratio vary in CAD group and T2DM group. ApoB/ApoA1 and GDF-15 may be helpful for predicting the occurrence of CAD in patients with T2DM.

The Value of the Apolipoprotein B/Apolipoprotein A1 Ratio in Predicting the Rapid Progression of Non-Culprit Coronary Lesions in Acute Coronary Syndrome in Patients with Diabetes Mellitus after Percutaneous Coronary Intervention

“…25) Among diabetic patients with CAD, some studies have shown that the ApoB/ApoA 1 ratio of diabetic (type 2 DM) patients with CAD was significantly higher than that of patients with type 2 DM alone, and the ratio was helpful to predict the occurrence of CAD in patients with type 2 DM. 26) Our study demonstrated that the ApoB/ApoA1 ratio was an independent risk factor and a certain predictive value for the RP of NCCLs, and the predictive value was significantly better than ApoA1, ApoB, and the LDL-C/HDL-C ratio. In addi-tion, in the 108 patients with a higher initial ApoB/ApoA1 ratio whose ApoB/ApoA1 ratio was !…”

ApoA1/HDL-C ratio as a predictor for coronary artery disease in patients with type 2 diabetes: a matched case-control study

“…Furthermore, CAD was positively correlated with serum GDF-15 or ApoB/ ApoA1 ratio. They suggested that these markers may help predict the occurrence of CAD in patients with T2D [13]. In another study, Haller et al found that hs-cTnI, NT-proBNP, and hs-CRP were independently associated with cardiovascular events and can improve cardiovascular risk prediction [27].…”

“…Moreover, while indicated in certain situations, diagnostic interventions, including cardiac exercise test, cardiac radionuclide scan, computed tomography (CT) angiography, and cardiac catheterization, are costly and come with several associated complications [ 12 ]. Consequently, for early diagnosis and screening of high-risk patients, the tendency to use biochemical markers has increased [ 13 , 14 ].…”

“…Prior research has investigated the association between biochemical markers and CVD among patients with T2D. Evidence indicates that levels of circulating growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF-15), the ApoB/ApoA1 ratio, high-sensitivity cardiac troponin I (hs-cTnI), N-terminal prohormone of brain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP), and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) can be used as predictors of CVD in diabetes [ 13 , 27 ]. In addition, elevated lipoprotein(a) levels in individuals with diabetes are linked to higher ASCVD risk, and adding lipoprotein(a) to traditional risk factors improves ASCVD risk prediction [ 28 ].…”

Apolipoprotein B - An ideal biomarker for atherosclerosis?

“…When the levels of Lpa and APO-B increase and the level of APO-A decreases, the risk of MCA stenosis occurs. Mei Y, 2022 40 China Case-Control Patients with coronary artery disease and type 2 diabetes mellitus To evaluate and compare the ApoB/ApoA1 ratio and GDF-15 concentrations in T2DM patients with or without CAD and examine their ability to predict CAD. Coronary Artery disease 502 Circulating GDF-15 levels and serum ApoB/ApoA1 ratio vary in CAD group and T2DM group.…”