Circulating interleukin-15 and RANTES chemokine in Parkinson’s disease

Abstract

Our findings may suggest a recruitment of activated monocytes, macrophages and T lymphocytes to sites of inflammation in the central nervous system of PD patients.

Serum Growth Differentiation Factor 15 in Parkinson Disease

“…In vivo imaging studies of PD patients showed progressive microglial activation that was associated with the loss of dopaminergic neurons [39,40,41], as well as higher levels of proinflammatory cytokines in serum and CSF [42,43]. The loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra has a direct effect on motor function; thus, the degree of microglial activation in neuroinflammation significantly contributes to the progression of motor dysfunction in PD patients [44].…”

Inflammation and Adaptive Immunity in Parkinson's Disease

“…Those microglial factors found in the brain, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), and peripheral blood include transforming growth factor beta (TGFb), IL-1 alpha/beta (IL-1a/b), IL-6, IL-10, IL-12, IL-23, and TNF-a, many chemokines (RANTES/CCL5, MCP-1/CCL2, and IP-10/ CXCL10), proteolytic enzymes, matrix metalloproteinases, complement, growth factors, and glutamate (Griffin et al 1989;Dickson et al 1993;Moore and Thanos 1996;Qiu et al 1997). Moreover, COX-2 is present as increased levels of TRAF family member-associated NFkB activator (TANK) and NFKB1 in the SN, and IL-15, RANTES, and IL-10 levels are significantly elevated in brains and peripheral circulation in PD patients (Blum-Degen et al 1995;Teismann et al 2003;Rentzos et al 2007Rentzos et al , 2009Reynolds et al 2008a). Furthermore, innate immunity regulates lymphocyte infiltration into the CNS.…”

“…Early autopsy evidence within the SN of PD patients showed increased numbers of CD8 þ T cells in close proximity to activated microglia and degenerating neurons (McGeer et al 1988a (Baba et al 2005), whereas circulating IL-15, RANTES, and IL-10 are significantly elevated in PD patients compared with controls (Rentzos et al 2007(Rentzos et al , 2009). Evidence of increased mutual coexpression of CD4 and CD8 by CD45R0 þ T cells, increased expression of CD25 (a chain of the high-affinity IL-2 receptor) and TNF-a receptors, and diminished expression of IFN-g receptors suggest that these T-cell subsets from PD patients are indeed activated.…”

Blood and cerebrospinal fluid markers in Parkinson's disease: current biomarker findings

“…Increased levels of interleukin-10 and the chemokine RANTES (Regulated on Activation, Normal T cell Expressed and Secreted) have been found in serum collected from individuals with PD compared with controls. 50 Elevated tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α levels have been detected in association with PD in both plasma and CSF. 51,52 Abnormal antibody expression associated with PD includes CSF antineuronal antibodies, 53 anti-α-synuclein antibodies, 29,31 and antimelanin antibodies.…”