Circulating Serum Magnesium and the Risk of Venous Thromboembolism in Men: A Long-Term Prospective Cohort Study

Abstract

<b><i>Background and Objective:</i></b> Serum magnesium, an essential trace element involved in processes that regulate cardiovascular function, has been linked to the risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. However, the potential association between serum magnesium and venous thromboembolism (VTE) has not been previously investigated. We aimed to assess the prospective association of serum magnesium with the risk of VTE. <b><i>Methods:</i></b> Serum magnesium was measured using atomic absorption spectrometry in 2,361 men aged 42–61 years with no history of VTE at baseline in the Kuopio Ischemic Heart Disease prospective cohort. Cox regression models were used to calculate hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for VTE. <b><i>Results:</i></b> A total of 159 incident VTE events were recorded during a median follow-up of 27.1 years. The risk of VTE per 1 SD increase in serum magnesium in the age-adjusted analysis was (HR 1.30; 95% CI 0.46–3.69). The association remained consistent in analyses adjusted for systolic blood pressure, body mass index, total cholesterol, triglycerides, smoking status, a history of type 2 diabetes, a history of coronary heart disease, medication for dyslipidemia, alcohol consumption, physical activity, socioeconomic status, serum active calcium, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, and a history of cancer (HR 1.38; 95% CI 0.48–3.96). Comparing the extreme tertiles of serum magnesium, the corresponding adjusted HRs were 1.17 (95% CI 0.81–1.70) and 1.17 (95% CI 0.81–1.70), respectively. <b><i>Conclusion:</i></b> In a middle-aged Caucasian male population, serum-circulating magnesium was not associated with a future risk of VTE. Further studies in women, other age groups, and other populations are required to generalize these findings.

The Effect of Serum Electrolyte Levels and Infusion Treatments on the Development of Femoral Central Venous Catheter-Associated Deep Vein Thrombosis in Pediatric Intensive Care Unit

“…The relationship between serum magnesium level and thrombosis was demonstrated in a study including a middle-aged male population, where serum magnesium level was not associated with future risk of venous thromboembolism. 28 In our study, there was no statistical difference between baseline, mean, and peak magnesium levels of DVT (+) and (-) cases. There was no difference in thrombosis in the magnesium infusion group.…”

Egg and cholesterol intake, apoE4 phenotype and risk of venous thromboembolism: findings from a prospective cohort study

“…The adjustment for confounders were based on three models: (model 1) age and total energy intake; (model 2) model 1 plus systolic blood pressure, BMI, serum TAG, smoking status, alcohol consumption, leisure-time physical activity, socio-economic status, total energy intake, serum albumin, intake of fruits, berries and vegetables, intake of processed and unprocessed red meat, and history of cancer; and (model 3) a potential mediator-adjusted model comprising history of type 2 diabetes, serum total cholesterol, serum TAG and serum highsensitivity C-reactive protein concentrations. The confounders selected for models 1-2 were based on their previously established roles as risk factors for VTE, evidence from previous research, previously published associations with VTE in the KIHD study (39)(40)(41) , or their potential as confounders based on known associations with VTE outcomes and observed associations with egg consumption using the available data (42) . Tests of interaction were used to formally assess if the risk of VTE…”

No evidence of a prospective relationship between serum zinc and venous thromboembolism in Caucasian men: a cohort study

“…The adjustment for confounders were based on four models: (Model 1) age; (Model 2) Model 1 plus systolic blood pressure (SBP), body mass index (BMI), total cholesterol, triglycerides, smoking status, history of type 2 diabetes (T2D), history of coronary heart disease (CHD), medication for dyslipidaemia, alcohol consumption, physical activity, and socioeconomic status (SES); (Model 3) Model 2 plus high sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) and history of cancer; and (Model 4) a model comprising dietary factors including serum magnesium, total energy intake, intake of processed and unprocessed red meat, and intake of fruits, berries and vegetables. The confounders selected were based on their previously established roles as risk factors for VTE, evidence from previous research, previously published associations with VTE in the KIHD study (Kunutsor et al 2021 , 2019a ; Kunutsor and Laukkanen 2021 ), or their potential as confounders based on known associations with VTE outcomes and observed associations with serum zinc using the available data (Groenwold et al 2011 ). Given the long-follow-up of the cohort, we explored the potential for regression dilution bias by conducting sensitivity analysis that was restricted to the first 10 years of follow-up.…”