Circulation of Poliovirus during the Poliomyelitis Outbreak in the Netherlands in 1992-1993

Spaendonck, Marina A E Conyn van; Oostvogel, Paul M.; Loon, Anton M. van; Wijngaarden, J.K. van; Kromhout, Daan

doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a008836

Cited by 45 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 7 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…The high hygienic standards possibly prevent the more efficient fecal-oral transmission and permit only the less efficient oral-oral transmission. This is in agreement with recent findings in the United States (22), as well as previous observations made in The Netherlands and in Sweden (8,18,49). The continuous detection of polioviruses in the wastewater of the local community reflects the regular presence of virusshedding individuals who return or enter from an OPV setting.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

Isolation of Sabin-Like Polioviruses from Wastewater in a Country Using Inactivated Polio Vaccine

Zurbriggen

Tobler

Abril

et al. 2008

Appl Environ Microbiol

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The global polio eradication initiative was launched in 1988. Substantive progress has been made toward this goal, but further work is still required (11,12,21,29). Successful eradication of the cause of an infectious disease, exemplified by that of Variola virus, has at least four fundamental requirements: (i) absence of an animal reservoir; (ii) effective vaccines and, in the case of liveattenuated viruses, genetically stable vaccines; (iii) absence of long-term virus carriers; and (iv) sensitive tools to detect the presence of the causal agent. In the case of poliovirus eradication, these requirements have not been completely met. The basic strategy of the polio eradication initiative involves achieving high levels of routine immunization, mass vaccination, supplementary mop-up immunization activity, and poliovirus surveillance based on virological investigation of acute flaccid paralysis (AFP) cases (51, 56). There are two effective vaccines: inactivated polio vaccine (IPV), originally developed by Jonas Salk and colleagues, and the live-attenuated oral polio vaccine (OPV) of Albert Sabin (39). Both vaccines provide effective protection from poliomyelitis. However, IPV induces less mucosal immunity in the gut than OPV, a prerequisite for reducing intestinal reinfection, virus shedding, and transmission to susceptible contacts (33,37,41,44,45). OPV, which better protects from infection, suffers from other inadequacies that complicate the ongoing initiative (11,12,21,29). One inadequacy is the emergence of virulent vaccine-derived polioviruses (VDPVs) upon long-term replication in immunodeficient persons (iVDPV) or following sustained circulation in populations with immunity gaps (cVDPV). Ambiguous VDPVs, such as environmental isolates, represent a category of virulent polioviruses that cannot easily be assigned to iVDPV or cVDPV (29). Additional challenges for the initiative are poorly understood deficiencies in vaccine efficacy (24) and the low clinical attack rate following infection with virulent polioviruses (Յ1:100 paralytic case/infections). This calls for specific and sensitive virus-tracking tools. AFP surveillance is presently the gold standard for meeting those requirements (56).The three serotypes of poliovirus are members of the family Picornaviridae (20,40,55,61). The viruses possess a singlestranded RNA genome of approximately 7,400 nucleotides (nt). Upon infection, the genomic RNA is translated as a polyprotein, which is then processed by proteases into functional proteins. The structural proteins are located within the N-terminal P1 region and the nonstructural proteins within the succeeding P2 and P3 regions of the polyprotein. Similar to some other RNA viruses, the virus-encoded RNA-dependent RNA polymerase is error prone and lacks proofreading activity. This results in a high mutation frequency for these viruses. The molecular evolution of polioviruses is characterized by selective propagation of virus variants that are generated through mutations and heterotypic or intragenus recombination...

show abstract

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

Isolation of Sabin-Like Polioviruses from Wastewater in a Country Using Inactivated Polio Vaccine

Zurbriggen

Tobler

Abril

et al. 2008

Appl Environ Microbiol

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…This programme started in 1994, after a poliovirus type 3 outbreak in 1992-1993, to monitor the eradication of poliovirus from the Netherlands (Conyn-van Spaendonck et al, 1996;Oostvogel et al, 1994). For samples collected between 1994 and 2007, RIVM confirmed the presence of a range of known viruses in all but seven samples.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…As virus shedding of both symptomatic and asymptomatic patients occurs through faeces, most of the samples collected through the EVS programme are stool specimens, which provide information about the general circulation of enteroviruses. The surveillance in its current form was started after a poliovirus type 3 outbreak in 1992-1993(Conyn-van Spaendonck et al, 1996Oostvogel et al, 1994). In order to detect polioviruses, all samples were initially tested for a broad range of enteroviruses in routine virological laboratories (Nix et al, 2006;Oberste et al, 1999), which are linked to academic hospitals or to regional public-health centres throughout the entire country.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Metagenomic sequencing for virus identification in a public-health setting

Svraka

Rosario

Duizer

et al. 2010

Journal of General Virology

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The use of metagenomics for virus discovery in clinical samples has opened new opportunities for understanding the aetiology of unexplained illness. This study explores the potential of this sequence-independent approach in a public-health setting, by systematic analysis of samples cultured from patients with unexplained illness through a combination of PCR-based assays and viral metagenomics. In total, 1834 cell-culture isolates were collected between 1994 and 2007 through the Enterovirus Surveillance programme in the Netherlands. During the 13 year period, seven samples that exhibited reproducible cytopathogenic effects in cell culture tested negative in standard PCR assays for a range of viruses. In order to fill the diagnostic gap, viral metagenomics was applied to these culture supernatants, resulting in the rapid identification of viruses in all of the samples. The unexplained samples contained BK polyomavirus, herpes simplex virus, Newcastle disease virus and the recently discovered Saffold viruses (SAFV) (which dominated the unexplained samples; n54). The full genomic sequences of four SAFV genotype 3 (SAFV-3) viruses, which share 88-93 % nucleotide identity with known SAFV-3 viruses, are reported. Further screening for SAFV in additional cultured, unidentified clinical isolates from 2008 and 2009 resulted in identification of another SAFV-positive sample. Although the pathogenicity of the identified viruses has not been established, this study demonstrates that viral metagenomics is a powerful tool that can be integrated into public-health monitoring efforts to investigate unidentified viruses in cell cultures from clinical isolates where standard PCR assays fail to detect viruses.

show abstract

“…Poliovirus is no longer endemic in The Netherlands, but in 1992 a large outbreak of serotype 3 poliovirus occurred (19). While widespread circulation of virus during this epidemic was not demonstrated (3,27), it cannot be excluded that part of the vaccinated population came into contact with the circulating wild-type strain or OPV strains that were used to control the epidemic. Similarly, the exposure of OPV to trypsin in the gut may result in reduced immunogenicity of antigenic site 1, favoring the development of site 3-specific antibodies.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Antibody Responses to Antigenic Sites 1 and 3 of Serotype 3 Poliovirus after Vaccination with Oral Live Attenuated or Inactivated Poliovirus Vaccine and after Natural Exposure

Herremans

Reimerink

Kimman

et al. 2000

Clin Diagn Lab Immunol

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Three important antigenic sites involved in virus neutralization on polioviruses in mouse experiments have been identified. These sites are located at the surface of the virion and have been designated antigenic sites 1, 2, and 3. In mice, the antibody response to antigenic site 1 of serotype 3 poliovirus is considered to be immunodominant, but little is known about the immunogenicity of these sites in humans. In the present study, we developed inhibition enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays specific for antigenic sites 1 and 3 to measure antibody responses to these sites in fully vaccinated inactivated poliovirus vaccine (IPV) (n ‫؍‬ 63) and oral live attenuated poliovirus vaccine (OPV) (n ‫؍‬ 63) recipients and in naturally infected persons (n ‫؍‬ 25). Similar levels of antibodies to site 1 in IPV and OPV vaccinees were detected. However, significantly more OPV recipients (88.7%) had detectable antibodies to antigenic site 3 (P < 0.01) than did IPV-vaccinated persons (63.1%). After an IPV booster vaccination, both previously IPV-and OPV-vaccinated persons responded with a significant increase in antibodies to sites 1 and 3 (P < 0.01). We conclude that the immune response to serotype 3 poliovirus in humans consists of both site 1-and site 3-specific antibodies and that these responses can be induced by either OPV or recent IPV vaccination.The poliovirus capsid consists of 60 copies of each of the four structural virion proteins (VP1, VP2, VP3, and VP4) (10). The epitopes responsible for inducing poliovirus-neutralizing antibodies are located on surface-exposed loops in structural proteins VP1, VP2, and VP3 (4). VP4 is located completely inside the viral capsid, and it plays no known role in the induction of poliovirus-neutralizing antibodies. VP1 is the most-exposed surface protein and plays a major role in the induction of neutralizing antibodies for all three poliovirus serotypes (28).Three important antigenic sites (epitopes) involved in virus neutralization on polioviruses, designated sites 1, 2, and 3, have been identified (10, 16). They have been identified by the isolation and characterization of Sabin mutant strains resistant to neutralization by poliovirus-specific antibodies and by epitope mapping with neutralizing monoclonal antibodies (16). Antigenic site 1, composed of amino acids 89 to 100 of VP1, is a major immunogenic site for serotype 2 and 3 polioviruses, as determined by neutralizing monoclonal antibodies induced in mice (16). This site is usually immunorecessive in serotype 1 poliovirus (22). Antigenic site 2 is a complex site including residues 220 to 222 of VP1 (site 2a) as well as residues 169 and 170 on VP2 (site 2b) (16). Sites 2a and 2b have both been detected in serotype 1 poliovirus, while only site 2b has been detected in serotype 3 poliovirus. Site 3 is also a complex site and includes residues 286 to 290 from VP1 (site 3a) as well as residues 58 and 59 and others on VP3 (site 3b). Sites 3a and 3b have both been detected in serotype 3 poliovirus, while as yet only neutralizing monocl...

show abstract

Circulation of Poliovirus during the Poliomyelitis Outbreak in the Netherlands in 1992-1993

Cited by 45 publications

References 7 publications

Isolation of Sabin-Like Polioviruses from Wastewater in a Country Using Inactivated Polio Vaccine

Isolation of Sabin-Like Polioviruses from Wastewater in a Country Using Inactivated Polio Vaccine

Metagenomic sequencing for virus identification in a public-health setting

Antibody Responses to Antigenic Sites 1 and 3 of Serotype 3 Poliovirus after Vaccination with Oral Live Attenuated or Inactivated Poliovirus Vaccine and after Natural Exposure

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About