Circulation of the Mediterranean Sea and its Variability

Schröeder, Katrin; García‐Lafuente, Jesús; Josey, Simon A.; Artale, Vincenzo; Nardelli, Bruno Buongiorno; Carrillo, Adriana; Gačić, Miroslav; Gasparini, Gian Pietro; Herrmann, Marine; Lionello, Piero; Ludwig, Wolfgang; Millot, Claude; Özsoy, Emi̇n; Pisacane, Giovanna; Sánchez-Garrido, José Carlos; Sannino, Gianmaria; Santoleri, Rosalia; Somot, Samuel; Struglia, Maria Vittoria; Stanev, Emil V.; Taupier‐Letage, Isabelle; Tsimplis, Michael; Vargas‐Yáñez, Manuel; Zervakis, Vassilis; Zodiatis, George

doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-416042-2.00003-3

Cited by 80 publications

(105 citation statements)

References 251 publications

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“…Pascual et al, 2007), each of them showing their own variability (circulation schemes are given e.g. in Schroeder et al, 2012). In the lower branch the Levantine Intermediate Water (LIW), formed in the EMED, moves at intermediate depths, and is thus able to flow through the Sicily Channel into the WMED without major topographic constrictions.…”

Section: Mediterranean Sea Functioning and Documented Variabilitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Long-term monitoring programme of the hydrological variability in the Mediterranean Sea: a first overview of the HYDROCHANGES network

Schröeder

Millot²,

Bengara³

et al. 2013

Ocean Sci.

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Abstract. The long-term monitoring of basic hydrological parameters (temperature and salinity), collected as time series with adequate temporal resolution (i.e. with a sampling interval allowing the resolution of all important timescales) in key places of the Mediterranean Sea (straits and channels, zones of dense water formation, deep parts of the basins), constitute a priority in the context of global changes. This led CIESM (The Mediterranean Science Commission) to support, since 2002, the HYDROCHANGES programme (www. ciesm.org/marine/programs/hydrochanges.htm), a network of autonomous conductivity, temperature, and depth (CTD) sensors, deployed on mainly short and easily manageable subsurface moorings, within the core of a certain water mass. The HYDROCHANGES strategy is twofold and develops on different scales. To get information about long-term changes of hydrological characteristics, long time series are needed.Published by Copernicus Publications on behalf of the European Geosciences Union. K. Schroeder et al.: Long-term monitoring programme of hydrological variabilityBut before these series are long enough they allow the detection of links between them at shorter timescales that may provide extremely valuable information about the functioning of the Mediterranean Sea. The aim of this paper is to present the history of the programme and the current set-up of the network (monitored sites, involved groups) as well as to provide for the first time an overview of all the time series collected under the HYDROCHANGES umbrella, discussing the results obtained thanks to the programme.

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Section: Mediterranean Sea Functioning and Documented Variabilitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Long-term monitoring programme of the hydrological variability in the Mediterranean Sea: a first overview of the HYDROCHANGES network

Schröeder

Millot²,

Bengara³

et al. 2013

Ocean Sci.

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“…Moreover, the net heat budget of the basin is well known to be negative according to most estimates (Bethoux 1979;Pettenuzzo et al 2010;SanchezGomez et al 2011;Schroeder et al 2012). The combination of the positive freshwater budget and the negative heat budget of the Mediterranean Sea gives a net buoyancy loss, thus sustaining a vigorous mean kinetic energy in the basin (Cessi et al 2014).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

River runoff influences on the Central Mediterranean overturning circulation

et al. 2017

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“…Second, rivers are highly affected by artificial river damming, often related to water extractions for irrigation, which alters the natural functioning of Mediterranean rivers. The Nile is a clear example of this, with a decrease from 40-45 to 15 km 3 of freshwater discharge to the Mediterranean Sea after building the Aswan High Dam in 1964 (Schroeder et al, 2012).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biogeochemical characterization of the riverine particulate organic matter transferred to the NW Mediterranean Sea

et al. 2014

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Abstract.A large amount of terrestrial organic matter is annually delivered by rivers to the continental shelf, where this material is either degraded, buried or transferred to the deep sea by hydrodynamic processes such as storms. The relative amount of terrestrial organic matter in the marine sediments is often determined by analysing the stable isotopes (δ 13 C and δ 15 N) and the C / N ratio of organic matter because the various particulate organic matter (POM) sources have distinct isotopic compositions. With the objective to refine and better interpret POM sources in the marine environment, we have characterized monthly terrestrial POM delivered by eight rivers discharging to the NW Mediterranean Sea: the Rhône, Hérault, Orb, Aude, Têt, Fluvià, Ter and Tordera rivers. These rivers were simultaneously sampled from November 2008 to December 2009 and the concentrations of total suspended matter (TSM), particulate organic carbon (POC) and nitrogen (PN), as well as their stable isotopic ratios (δ 13 C and δ 15 N) were determined.During the survey, three rainstorm events with winds coming from the E-NE and the S-SE impacted the NW Mediterranean. Depending on the direction of incoming winds, the fluvial response (amount of water discharge and TSM) was different. Rivers draining the Alps (Rhône River) and Central Massif (Hérault, Orb, and Aude rivers) were mostly impacted by rainstorms associated with winds coming from the S-SE, while rivers draining the Pyrenees (Têt, Fluvià, and Ter rivers) and the Montseny Massif (Tordera River) were impacted by rainstorms associated with winds coming from the E-NE. In addition, the spatial evolution of water discharges shows a different hydrological regime of the Rhône River, with relatively constant and high water stages and TSM concentrations when compared to coastal rivers, characterized by long periods of low water stages. TSM concentrations are positively correlated to water discharges (high water flows resuspended riverbed sediments) but show an inverse relationship with POC and PN relative contents (mostly due to dilution and by low availability of light in river waters during flood events). TSM in most of the coastal rivers have on average 2.5-3 times higher POC and PN mean contents than the Rhône River (8.5 and 1.5 %, respectively, for coastal rivers compared to 3.6 and 0.5 %, respectively, for the Rhône River). This discrepancy may be caused by the long drought periods in small coastal Mediterranean watersheds that enhance the eutrophication in studied coastal rivers. The δ 13 C ratios of organic matter also reflect this discrepancy between high and low water stages with values ranging from −33.2 to −24.5 ‰. The enriched 13 C values (−26.3 ± 0.4 ‰ for the Rhône River and −26.9 ± 1.2 ‰ for coastal rivers), measured during high water stages, express mostly a mixture of terrestrial source (plant remains and soils) whereas

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Circulation of the Mediterranean Sea and its Variability

Cited by 80 publications

References 251 publications

Long-term monitoring programme of the hydrological variability in the Mediterranean Sea: a first overview of the HYDROCHANGES network

Long-term monitoring programme of the hydrological variability in the Mediterranean Sea: a first overview of the HYDROCHANGES network

River runoff influences on the Central Mediterranean overturning circulation

Biogeochemical characterization of the riverine particulate organic matter transferred to the NW Mediterranean Sea

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