Circum-Arctic resource appraisal: Estimates of undiscovered oil and gas north of the Arctic Circle

Bird, Kenneth J.; Charpentier, Ronald R.; Gautier, Donald L.; Houseknecht, David W.; Klett, Timothy R.; Pitman, Janet K.; Moore, Thomas E.; Schenk, Christopher J.; Tennyson, Marilyn E.; Wandrey, Craig R.

doi:10.3133/fs20083049

Cited by 176 publications

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“…In no economic segment are rewards and risks more apparent than petrochemical extraction. The US Geological Survey estimates that about 90 billion barrels of oil, 1.7 trillion cubic feet of gas, and 44 billion barrels of natural gas liquids remain in the Arctic [Bird et al, 2008;Gautier et al, 2009] (Figure 1). About 84% of these resources lie beneath the Arctic Ocean and its peripheral seas, where accessibility is controlled primarily by the annual cycle in sea-ice growth, drift, and melt.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Increasing transnational sea‐ice exchange in a changing Arctic Ocean

et al. 2017

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The changing Arctic sea-ice cover is likely to impact the trans-border exchange of sea ice between the exclusive economic zones (EEZs) of the Arctic nations, affecting the risk of ice-rafted contamination. We apply the Lagrangian Ice Tracking System (LITS) to identify sea-ice formation events and track sea ice to its melt locations. Most ice (52%) melts within 100 km of where it is formed; ca. 21% escapes from its EEZ. Thus, most contaminants will be released within an ice parcel's originating EEZ, while material carried by over 1 00,000 km 2 of ice-an area larger than France and Germany combined-will be released to other nations' waters. Between the periods 1988-1999 and 2000-2014, sea-ice formation increased by ∼17% (roughly 6 million km 2 vs. 5 million km 2 annually). Melting peaks earlier; freeze-up begins later; and the central Arctic Ocean is more prominent in both formation and melt in the later period. The total area of ice transported between EEZs increased, while transit times decreased: for example, Russian ice reached melt locations in other nations' EEZs an average of 46% faster while North American ice reached destinations in Eurasian waters an average of 37% faster. Increased trans-border exchange is mainly a result of increased speed (∼14% per decade), allowing first-year ice to escape the summer melt front, even as the front extends further north. Increased trans-border exchange over shorter times is bringing the EEZs of the Arctic nations closer together, which should be taken into account in policy development-including establishment of marine-protected areas. Plain Language SummaryWe use data from satellite images to identify the formation, drift tracks, and melt locations of sea ice in the Arctic. Most ice melts locally: only about 21% is exported from the exclusive economic zone (EEZ) in which it is formed. That export is nonetheless about 1,000,000 km 2 each year. As the ice cover has thinned and the summer sea ice has retreated in a warming Arctic, formation and melt locations have moved further north, ice drifts have accelerated, and the area of ice formation and melt has increased. We looked at ice formation and transport between the EEZs of the Arctic nations, and broke the record into two periods : 1988-1999 and 2000-2014. As the Arctic warms, more ice is transported between EEZs and it is arriving at the receiving EEZ faster, than in the past. Between the two study periods: Sea ice velocity increased by about 14%/decade; Russian ice reached melt locations in other nations' EEZs 46% faster; and North American ice reached Eurasian destinations 37% faster. Exchanges of ice have increased as a result. For example, export of ice from Russia to Norway increased by 11% and export from Alaska to Russia by 16%.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Increasing transnational sea‐ice exchange in a changing Arctic Ocean

et al. 2017

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“…La agricultura es el mayor usuario del recurso hídrico a nivel nacional (9), y las extracciones para este fin son insostenibles en muchas áreas debido a un balance hídrico para riego desequilibrado a largo plazo (10), como lo demuestra la explotación de acuíferos y la dependencia de grandes proyectos ABSTRACT Objectives: To determine the superficial water balance from Mantaro Valley because of evapotranspiration system changes, precipitation and runoff during the periods from 2010 to 2013. Methods: We used the indices evaluation method, which allows to analyze the seasonal water deficit, deducted from the Thornthwaite approach.…”

Section: Introductionunclassified

Balance hídrico superficial mediante el método del índice climático del Valle del Mantaro, 2010 al 2013

2013

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“…A difficult to reach, pristine area of the world, the Arctic is estimated to contain approximately 25% of the world's undiscovered oil and natural gas [12]. This case epitomizes a highly debated issue due to the role of Arctic oil and gas activities in both harming the local ecosystems and causing climate change, countered by the technocratic belief that technologies can control our effects on the environment.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Surfacing the arctic

Parmiggiani

Karasti

2018

Proceedings of the 15th Participatory Design Conference: Short Papers, Situated Actions, Workshops and Tutorial - Volume 2

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The 1 ongoing adoption of sensor networks, algorithms, and digital data comes with the promise of opening up participation in knowledge production. However, the dynamics of the participatory design (PD) processes in these infrastructuring endeavors remain underspecified. This short paper draws on a study of an oil company's project to design an open digital platform to produce knowledge about the Arctic marine environment. Fraught with political controversies, this effort encompasses several stakeholders with contrasting agendas. Leveraging the relational quality of infrastructure, we propose to revitalize the political roots of PD by problematizing simultaneously the roles of human and non-human participants, foregrounding both digital technology and the monitored natural ecosystems. We discuss how infrastructuring aimed at letting humans visualize the inaccessible, also shapes participation by creating spaces of (in)visibility and concentrating control over knowledge creation in the hands of the most powerful stakeholders.

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Circum-Arctic resource appraisal: Estimates of undiscovered oil and gas north of the Arctic Circle

Cited by 176 publications

References 0 publications

Increasing transnational sea‐ice exchange in a changing Arctic Ocean

Increasing transnational sea‐ice exchange in a changing Arctic Ocean

Balance hídrico superficial mediante el método del índice climático del Valle del Mantaro, 2010 al 2013

Surfacing the arctic

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