Cirsimaritin inhibits influenza A virus replication by downregulating the NF-κB signal transduction pathway

Abstract

BackgroundArtemisia scoparia Waldst and Kit is a famous traditional Chinese medicine widely distributed in Xinjiang, China. Flavonoids extracted from it exhibits inhibitory activities against several influenza virus strains. Despite this fact, the antiviral properties of CST, one of such flavonoids, against the influenza virus has not been reported. Thus, the aim of this study is to investigate the anti-influenza virus efficacy and antiviral mechanism of CST.MethodsThe inhibitory activity of CST against influenza viruses was assessed by using viral titers and performing Western blot, qRT-PCR, and immunofluorescence assays in Madin–Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells and a human monocytic cell line (THP-1). The mechanism of CST against influenza virus was analyzed by hemagglutination inhibition (HI) assay, neuraminidase (NA) inhibition assay, and Western blot.ResultsCST reduced viral titers and influenza A virus (IAV) RNA and protein synthesis in a dose-dependent manner. Mechanistically, CST had no inhibitory effect on the attachment and release processes of the viral life cycle, as indicated by the HI and NA assays. Conversely, the CST-mediated inhibition of IAV is possibly linked to the inactivation of the NF-κB/p65 signal pathway. CST also suppressed the activation of JNK MAPK and P38 MAPK in vitro. In line with NF-κB/p65 inhibition, the expression levels of proinflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-8, and IL-10) and the inflammation-related protein COX-2 were downregulated by CST.ConclusionsCST inhibited IAV replication by downregulating the NF-κB signal transduction pathway. CST may be a potential agent or supplement against IAV infection.

Isorhamnetin, Hispidulin, and Cirsimaritin Identified in Tamarix ramosissima Barks from Southern Xinjiang and Their Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activities

“…UPLC-MS data of the bark extract are shown in Table 2 and Figure 1. A total of 13 polyphenolic compounds were identified and, for the first time, hispidulin and cirsimaritin were isolated from the genus Tamarix : they are active ingredients in a number of traditional Chinese herbs [12,13]. Regarding the other main polyphenolics, isorhamnetin was reported to have been identified from T. hispida , T. elongata and T. laxa which were all collected from southern Kazakhstan [11,14].…”

Ganghuo Kanggan Decoction in Influenza: Integrating Network Pharmacology and In Vivo Pharmacological Evaluation

“…It is well known that, influenza virus, a strict intracellular pathogenic microorganism, mainly stimulates Th cells to differentiate into Th1 cells and releases their signature cytokines (IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-2) after infecting the host, while the differentiation of Th2 cells and their cytokine expression (IL-4, IL-5) were obviously suppressed ( Yan et al, 2018 ). The balance between pro-inflammatory factors and anti-inflammatory factors mediates the process of immune damage and immune regulation after influenza virus infection.…”

The neuropsychiatric manifestations of COVID-19: Interactions with psychiatric illness and pharmacological treatment

“…Activation of NF-ĸB by antiviral pathogens may contribute to apoptosis and enhance inflammation ( review by Ludwig & Olivier [ 332 ]). Inactivation of the NF-ĸB pathway was shown to inhibit influenza-A viral replication [ 333 ]. The digitalis alkaloids, digoxin and ouabain, are recognised as NF-ĸB antagonists [ 334 ].…”