Cis-regulatory control of corticospinal system development and evolution

Shim, Sungbo; Kwan, Kenneth Y.; Li, Mingfeng; Lefebvre, Véronique; Šestan, Nenad

doi:10.1038/nature11094

Cited by 174 publications

(173 citation statements)

References 55 publications

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“…Therefore, the III-tubulin yet not give retinal progenitors the cue to start differentiating. Recently, Fezf2 and BDNF were found as targets of Sox11 in cortex and dorsal root ganglia, respectively (Salerno et al, 2012;Shim et al, 2012). Our microarray data of Sox11-KO retina showed rather elevated expression of Fezf2 and BDNF (data not shown), suggesting cell type-specific activation of genes by Sox11.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 84%

The early retinal progenitor-expressed gene Sox11 regulates the timing of the differentiation of retinal cells

et al. 2013

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SUMMARYSry-related HMG box (Sox) proteins, Sox11 and Sox4 are members of the SoxC subtype. We found that Sox11 was strongly expressed in early retinal progenitor cells and that Sox4 expression began around birth, when expression of Sox11 subsided. To analyze the roles of Sox11 and Sox4 in retinal development, we perturbed their expression patterns in retinal explant cultures. Overexpression of Sox11 and Sox4 in retinal progenitors resulted in similar phenotypes: an increased number of cone cells and dramatically decreased numbers of rod cells and Müller glia. Birth-date analysis showed that cone cells were produced at a later developmental stage than that in which cone genesis normally occurs. Sox11-knockout retinas showed delayed onset and progress of differentiation of subsets of retinal cells during the embryonic period. After birth, retinal differentiation took place relatively normally, probably because of the redundant activity of Sox4, which starts to be expressed around birth. Overexpression and loss-of-function analysis failed to provide any evidence that Sox11 and Sox4 directly regulate the transcription of genes crucial to the differentiation of subsets of retinal cells. However, histone H3 acetylation of some early proneural genes was reduced in knockout retina. Thus, Sox11 may create an epigenetic state that helps to establish the competency to differentiate. Taking our findings together, we propose that the sequential expression of Sox11 and Sox4 during retinogenesis leads to the fine adjustment of retinal differentiation by helping to establish the competency of retinal progenitors.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 84%

The early retinal progenitor-expressed gene Sox11 regulates the timing of the differentiation of retinal cells

et al. 2013

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“…Members of the SoxC group, including Sox11 and Sox12, in addition to Sox4, might have essential function in early mouse embryonic organogenesis; they directly target the Tead2 gene, a crucial transcription factor in the Hippo signaling pathway (Bhattaram et al, 2010). Recent reports have also shown that Sox4 and Sox11 are necessary for the control of corticospinal system development; Sox4 and Sox11 directly regulate Fezf2, which encodes a key factor for the specification of identity and the connectivity of corticospinal neurons (Shim et al, 2012). In C2C12 myoblasts, our quantitative RT-PCR results showed that the levels of Sox11 and Sox12 transcripts were extremely low compared with the level of Sox4; their expression pattern did not change during myoblast differentiation.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sox4-mediated caldesmon expression facilitates skeletal myoblast differentiation

Jang

Kim

et al. 2013

Journal of Cell Science

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Summary Caldesmon (CaD), which was originally identified as an actin-regulatory protein, is involved in the regulation of diverse actin-related signaling processes, including cell migration and proliferation, in various cells. The cellular function of CaD has been studied primarily in the smooth muscle system; nothing is known about its function in skeletal muscle differentiation. In this study, we found that the expression of CaD gradually increased as differentiation of C2C12 myoblasts progressed. Silencing of CaD inhibited cell spreading and migration, resulting in a decrease in myoblast differentiation. Promoter analysis of the caldesmon gene (Cald1) and gel mobility shift assays identified Sox4 as a major trans-acting factor for the regulation of Cald1 expression during myoblast differentiation. Silencing of Sox4 decreased not only CaD protein synthesis but also myoblast fusion in C2C12 cells and myofibril formation in mouse embryonic muscle. Overexpression of CaD in Sox4-silenced C2C12 cells rescued the differentiation process. These results clearly demonstrate that CaD, regulated by Sox4 transcriptional activity, contributes to skeletal muscle differentiation.

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“…To assess the phenotypic effects in hippocampus of inactivating these genes, we selectively inactivated Sox4 and Sox11 in neural progenitors of the cerebral cortex, including the hippocampus, by crossing floxed Sox4 and Sox11 mice with the Emx1-Cre transgenic line (Shim et al, 2012). Based on our network results and on previous findings from other labs (Mu et al, 2012), we would predict that knocking out these hub genes would significantly affect development of DG granule cells.…”

Section: −11mentioning

confidence: 99%

Conserved molecular signatures of neurogenesis in the hippocampal subgranular zone of rodents and primates

et al. 2013

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The neurogenic potential of the subgranular zone (SGZ) of the hippocampal dentate gyrus is likely to be regulated by molecular cues arising from its complex heterogeneous cellular environment. Through transcriptome analysis using laser microdissection coupled with DNA microarrays, in combination with analysis of genome-wide in situ hybridization data, we identified 363 genes selectively enriched in adult mouse SGZ. These genes reflect expression in the different constituent cell types, including progenitor and dividing cells, immature granule cells, astrocytes, oligodendrocytes and GABAergic interneurons. Similar transcriptional profiling in the rhesus monkey dentate gyrus across postnatal development identified a highly overlapping set of SGZ-enriched genes, which can be divided based on temporal profiles to reflect maturation of glia versus granule neurons. Furthermore, we identified a neurogenesis-related gene network with decreasing postnatal expression that is highly correlated with the declining number of proliferating cells in dentate gyrus over postnatal development. Many of the genes in this network showed similar postnatal downregulation in mouse, suggesting a conservation of molecular mechanisms underlying developmental and adult neurogenesis in rodents and primates. Conditional deletion of Sox4 and Sox11, encoding two neurogenesis-related transcription factors central in this network, produces a mouse with no hippocampus, confirming the crucial role for these genes in regulating hippocampal neurogenesis.

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Cis-regulatory control of corticospinal system development and evolution

Cited by 174 publications

References 55 publications

The early retinal progenitor-expressed gene Sox11 regulates the timing of the differentiation of retinal cells

The early retinal progenitor-expressed gene Sox11 regulates the timing of the differentiation of retinal cells

Sox4-mediated caldesmon expression facilitates skeletal myoblast differentiation

Conserved molecular signatures of neurogenesis in the hippocampal subgranular zone of rodents and primates

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