Cisternal segments of the glossopharyngeal, vagus, and accessory nerves: detailed magnetic resonance imaging–demonstrated anatomy and neurovascular relationships

Abstract

The combined use of 3D CISS MR imaging and 3D TOF MR angiography (with or without contrast) successfully displays the detailed anatomy of the lower CNs and adjacent structures in vivo. These imaging sequences have the potential to aid the preoperative diagnosis of and the presurgical planning for pathology in this anatomical area.

Stereotactic radiosurgery for glossopharyngeal neuralgia: preliminary report of 5 cases

“…The distance between the glossopharyngeal meatus and vagal meatus ranged from 0.5 mm to 4.9 mm. Linn et al 6 reviewed MR imaging studies of 25 patients to determine if the glossopharyngeal, vagus, and accessory nerves could be individually identified using highresolution sequences. An axial 3D constructive interference in steady-state sequence correctly differentiated the cisternal segments of the glossopharyngeal and vagus nerves as well as the glossopharyngeal and vagal meatus in all 50 examined sides.…”

3D Double-Echo Steady-State with Water Excitation MR Imaging of the Intraparotid Facial Nerve at 1.5T: A Pilot Study

“…The certainty of identifying the intraparotid facial nerve was scored and recorded on an arbitrary scale of 0 -2 (homogeneity and facial nerve identified with certainty, 2; mild inhomogeneity and facial nerve probably identified, 1; severe inhomogeneity and facial nerve not identified, 0). [17][18][19] The length of the inpraparotid facial nerves, SI, and the corresponding SD of the nerves, parotid ducts, and parenchyma were measured by the 2 independent viewers. SNR ϭ SI / SD of the 3 structures was first calculated.…”

The Accessory Nerve: A Comprehensive Review of its Anatomy, Development, Variations, Landmarks and Clinical Considerations

“…One portion is the spinal root, which is derived from the spinal cord. The other, the cranial root(s), arises from the brain stem (Alnot and Narakas, ; Linn et al, ; Benninger, ) (Fig. ).…”

“…). The cranial portions join the vagus nerve as the internal branch or ramus (Linn et al, ; Benninger, ) (Fig. ).…”