Citalopram???A Highly Selective 5-HT Uptake Inhibitor???in the Treatment of Depressed Patients

Increased extracellular serotonin level in rat hippocampus induced by chronic citalopram is augmented by subchronic lithium: neurochemical and behavioural studies in the rat

“…Furthermore, a steady state of both citalopram and lithium was observed throughout the experiments. The steady states were found to be within the expected therapeutic windows [lithium 0.3-1.0 mM (Schou 1991); citalopram 154-524 nM (Dufour et al 1987)]. …”

Antidepressant response to chronic citalopram treatment in eight inbred mouse strains

“…Patients receiving 30-60 mg/day exhibit mean plasma citalopram levels of 28-616 nM (Dufour et al 1987;Fredricson Overo 1982a;Pedersen et al 1982). We administered 10-30-mg/kg/day citalopram to mice since 24-mg/kg/day citalopram results in plasma levels toward the middle of this range in mice (383 nM; Honig et al 2009).…”

Serum Concentrations of Citalopram – Dose-Dependent Variation inR- andS-Enantiomer Ratios

“…Controlled clinical trials have demonstrated the superior efficacy of escitalopram over citalopram despite equivalent doses containing a corresponding number of S -CIT molecules in both drugs [1,5,8,18,19,25] . As a result, the interindividual and dosedependent variations of the enantiomer ratios may theoretically infl uence the clinical effi cacy of a given dose of racemic CIT in the individual due to the antagonistic role of the R -enantiomer [14,20] , which may further partially explain the inconsistent and confl icting data on the relationship between serum CIT and clinical response [7,8,22] .…”

“…As a result, the interindividual and dosedependent variations of the enantiomer ratios may theoretically infl uence the clinical effi cacy of a given dose of racemic CIT in the individual due to the antagonistic role of the R -enantiomer [14,20] , which may further partially explain the inconsistent and confl icting data on the relationship between serum CIT and clinical response [7,8,22] . This hypothesis may gain further support by data showing that R -CIT attenuates the association rate of paroxetine to the serotonin transporter, potentially infl uencing its clinical effi cacy [9] .…”