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In this review paper, information about bicycle lamp technical parameters is provided. The review is based on the searched Web of Science (WoS) and Scopus bibliographic databases and Transportation Research Information Services, which include references to books, technical reports, conference proceedings, and journal articles. This review showed that these papers about bicycle lighting legal rules in given countries are very easy to reach, but deep searching must be performed to find this research paper having the information about types of optical systems and light sources used in bicycle lamps. This research was conducted using PRISMA 2020 assumptions in the area of bicycle lighting technologies and innovations. The information about bicycle lamp technical parameters was obtained on the basis of the examination of technical documents and papers from high-impact journals. The author’s review shows that contemporary bicycle lamps are becoming increasingly smarter and more energy efficient, while also enhancing safety and comfort for cyclists on their routes in and beyond urban environments.
In this review paper, information about bicycle lamp technical parameters is provided. The review is based on the searched Web of Science (WoS) and Scopus bibliographic databases and Transportation Research Information Services, which include references to books, technical reports, conference proceedings, and journal articles. This review showed that these papers about bicycle lighting legal rules in given countries are very easy to reach, but deep searching must be performed to find this research paper having the information about types of optical systems and light sources used in bicycle lamps. This research was conducted using PRISMA 2020 assumptions in the area of bicycle lighting technologies and innovations. The information about bicycle lamp technical parameters was obtained on the basis of the examination of technical documents and papers from high-impact journals. The author’s review shows that contemporary bicycle lamps are becoming increasingly smarter and more energy efficient, while also enhancing safety and comfort for cyclists on their routes in and beyond urban environments.
This paper analyses the situated practice of developing a smart city in Limerick, Ireland. It maps out, at a city scale, how the development of the smart city was planned, organised, and governed, as well as ongoing challenges. It addresses two of the principal gaps in the smart city literature, namely, the scarcity of in-depth case studies based on extensive fieldwork and the shortage of studies on smart city development on brownfield sites. Source material was gathered through desk research and interviews with key stakeholders. Limerick adopted an articulated strategic approach to smart city development. The local government’s dedicated smart city unit played a vital role in planning, managing, and implementing smart city operations. The local government did not centralise the smart city development process. Over time, there has been a gradual shift towards the development of Quadruple Helix collaborations and a balance between top-down and bottom-up approaches. The paper also identifies the challenges that might restrain Limerick’s smart city ambitions. These include financial, budgetary, technological, and human resources challenges. It also identifies the challenge of digital exclusion and the need for greater citizen involvement in smart city development.
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