Cities and Specialisation: Evidence from South Asia

Fafchamps, Marcel; Shilpi, Forhad

doi:10.1111/j.1468-0297.2005.00997.x

Cited by 80 publications

(73 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…Very isolated households revert to self-subsistence, except for occasional labor migration. Fafchamps & Shilpi (2005) also document large di¤erences in the composition of household chores for households living near urban centers: they spend less time fetching water and …rewood but more time shopping and cleaning the house. The emphasis on wage work in and around 6 Discounting is subsumed in function Vi(:).…”

Section: Conceptual Frameworkmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Fafchamps & Shilpi 2003, Fafchamps & Shilpi 2005 that it is associated with more emphasis on non-farm activities and wage work, and less emphasis on farming. Agriculture tends to be more market oriented up to three hours travel time from large urban centers, focusing on fruits and vegetables.…”

Section: Conceptual Frameworkmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Unlike Edmonds & Pavcnik (2004) who use price variation to capture di¤erences in levels of market integration, we rely on cross-section di¤erences in proximity to cities. Jacoby (2000), Fafchamps & Shilpi (2003) and Fafchamps & Shilpi (2005) have indeed shown that, in the studied country, proximity to cities is strongly related to market orientation and increased specialization. A cross-section approach has the drawback that it cannot control for unobserved heterogeneity across locations.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…As Fafchamps & Shilpi (2003) and Fafchamps & Shilpi (2005) have shown, urban proximity shapes economic activity in many important ways. They …nd that, in Nepal, households living up to three hours of travel time from cities are more likely to engage in non-farm work than in agriculture.…”

Section: Conceptual Frameworkmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The institutional setting and legislation regulating child labor and school attendance in Nepal are discussed in detail in Edmonds (2004) (Government of Nepal 1999). The NLFS survey data have already been used by Fafchamps & Shilpi (2005) to study occupational and sectoral specialization and by Edmonds (2004) to study sibling di¤erences in child labor. 8…”

Section: The Datamentioning

confidence: 99%

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Child labor, urban proximity, and household composition

Fafchamps

Wahba

2006

Journal of Development Economics

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Standard-Nutzungsbedingungen:Die Dokumente auf EconStor dürfen zu eigenen wissenschaftlichen Zwecken und zum Privatgebrauch gespeichert und kopiert werden.Sie dürfen die Dokumente nicht für öffentliche oder kommerzielle Zwecke vervielfältigen, öffentlich ausstellen, öffentlich zugänglich machen, vertreiben oder anderweitig nutzen.Sofern die Verfasser die Dokumente unter Open-Content-Lizenzen (insbesondere CC-Lizenzen) zur Verfügung gestellt haben sollten, gelten abweichend von diesen Nutzungsbedingungen die in der dort genannten Lizenz gewährten Nutzungsrechte. Terms of use: Documents in Child Labor, Urban Proximity and Household CompositionMarcel Fafchamps Jackline Wahba The Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA) in Bonn is a local and virtual international research center and a place of communication between science, politics and business. IZA is an independent nonprofit company supported by Deutsche Post World Net. The center is associated with the University of Bonn and offers a stimulating research environment through its research networks, research support, and visitors and doctoral programs. IZA engages in (i) original and internationally competitive research in all fields of labor economics, (ii) development of policy concepts, and (iii) dissemination of research results and concepts to the interested public. D I S C U S S I O N P A P E R S E R I E SIZA Discussion Papers often represent preliminary work and are circulated to encourage discussion. Citation of such a paper should account for its provisional character. A revised version may be available directly from the author. ABSTRACT Child Labor, Urban Proximity and Household Composition *Using detailed survey data from Nepal, this paper examines the determinants of child labor with a special emphasis on urban proximity. We find that children residing in or near urban centers attend school more and work less in total but are more likely to be involved in wage work or in a small business. The larger the urban center, the stronger the effect is. Urban proximity is found to reduce the workload of children and improve school attendance up to 3 hours of travel time from the city. In areas of commercialized agriculture located 3 to 7 hours from the city, children do more farm work. Urban proximity effects are accounted for by a combination of local labor supply and demand conditions, most notably the local importance of agriculture, the education level of the parents, and the local wage rate. Child servants, which represent a small proportion of all children, work much harder than other children and appear particularly at risk.JEL Classification: J10, J22, J24, J40, N35

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Section: Conceptual Frameworkmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Conceptual Frameworkmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Conceptual Frameworkmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: The Datamentioning

confidence: 99%

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Child labor, urban proximity, and household composition

Fafchamps

Wahba

2006

Journal of Development Economics

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Child Labor and Economic Development

Edmonds¹,

Theoharides²

2021

Handbook of Labor, Human Resources and Population Economics

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Diversification as Part of a CSA Strategy: The Cases of Zambia and Malawi

Arslan

Asfaw

Cavatassi

et al. 2017

Climate Smart Agriculture

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Climate variability, associated with farm-income variability, is recognized as one of the main drivers of livelihood diversification strategies in developing countries. In this chapter, we present a synthesis of two comprehensive studies from Zambia and Malawi on the drivers of diversification and its impacts on selected welfare outcomes with a specific attention to climatic variables and institutions. We use geo-referenced farm-household-level data merged with data on historical rainfall and temperature as well as with administrative data on relevant institutions. The two case studies demonstrate that diversification is clearly an adaptation response, as long term trends in climatic shocks have a significant effect on livelihood diversification, albeit with different implications. Whereas the long term variation in growing period rainfall is associated with increased crop, labour and income diversification in Malawi, it is only associated with increased livestock diversification in Zambia. With regard to institutions, we find that access to extension agents positively and significantly correlates with crop diversification in both countries, underlining the role of extension in promoting more resilient farming systems in rural Zambia and Malawi. Fertilizer subsidies are among the most important agricultural policies in both countries, where they significantly affect incentives for income diversification -though in opposing ways -providing important policy implications. The two case studies document distinct ways in which incentives for livelihood diversification (measured along different dimensions) are shaped by increased variability in rainfall and rural institutions. The results also demonstrate that diversification can be an effective adaptation response and the risk-return trade-offs are not as pronounced as might be expected.

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Cities and Specialisation: Evidence from South Asia

Cited by 80 publications

References 27 publications

Child labor, urban proximity, and household composition

Child labor, urban proximity, and household composition

Child Labor and Economic Development

Diversification as Part of a CSA Strategy: The Cases of Zambia and Malawi

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