Cities as drivers of social mobility

Abstract

Intergenerational mobility refers to children moving up from the social class position held by their parents. Previous studies indicate family background as one of the major determinants of socioeconomic mobility and, in general, of individual life chances. This paper extends the standard approach to measure intergenerational social mobility by examining the role of cities where offspring grew up. The idea is that cities can provide resources and opportunities able to increase the chance of employment and status attainment. We assess intergenerational mobility in Italy, the most immobile country in Europe together with Greece and Portugal. We use a data survey provided by the Italian National Institute of Statistics (ISTAT), which provides information on the individual-level track of Italian students' life path from high school to occupation. We merge these data with city-level data on economic conditions, human capital, and social capital. We distinguish between students who attended university in the same province where they presumably grew up and those who migrated to another province for higher education. This allows us to test whether migration affects the shift in occupation type and, if so, which characteristics of cities enhance upward mobility.

The voice of society in designing public recreational spaces (PRS) in an urban environment

“…The local authorities are faced with the task of adapting urban development policies and implementing innovative infrastructure solutions that not only meet local needs but are also consistent with the principles of sustainable development (ICLEI, 2020). Sustainable development has spatial (Gomez-Baggethun & Barton, 2013), functional (Hamnett & Whitelegg, 2007), social (Michelangeli & Türk, 2021), economic (Wang et al, 2020), and environmental dimensions (Wolch et al, 2014). Sustainable development is closely linked with the principle of New Urbanism (NU), which promotes the creation of user-friendly architecture that meets the needs of diverse social groups.…”

Does birthplace affect intergenerational social mobility of migrants in urban escalators? Evidence from China

“…The possible mechanisms include intergenerational transmission, the accumulation of human capital, and the path dependence of migration choices; an additional mechanism they found is adult learning while they spend their time in larger cities (Bosquet & Overman, 2019). Cities where children grow up can provide resources and opportunities to increase job opportunities and status attainment, and upward mobility is higher in larger cities in Italy (Michelangeli & Türk, 2021). In China, those born in larger cities also have better economic outcomes because of uneven public service provision according to city size (Leng & Li, 2021).…”

การเลื่อนชั้นทางสังคมข้ามรุ่นของคนจนเมือง ในเขตกรุงเทพมหานคร

“…...................................................................................... แผนภู มิ ที ่ 7 ทรั พย์ สิ นที ่ สร้ างในรุ ่ นปู ่ ย่ าตายาย และส่ งต่ อให้ รุ ่ นพ่ อแม่ . โดยใช้ ตั วชี ้ วั ดหลั ก 3 ประเภท ได้ แก่ ระดั บการศึ กษา (Narayan et al, 2018) ลั กษณะอาชี พ (Bingley, Corak, & Wergård-Nielsen, 2012;Goldthorpe, 2016) และระดั บรายได้ (Bjõrklund & Jäntti, 2009;Blanden, Gregg, & Macmillan, 2006;Chetty, Hendren, Kline, Saez, & Turner, 2014;Chul-In & Solon, 2009;Corak, 2013;Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, 2018) (Gordon, 2015;Michelangeli & Türk, 2018;Piketty, 1995) งานวิ จั ยของ Lipset and Bendix (1967) (Banks, 2016;Bashar, 2017) (Charmaz, 2006;Morse, 1994)…”