Citric Acid

Abstract

Citric acid is a natural component and common metabolite of plants and animals. It is the most versatile and widely used organic acid in foods, beverages, and pharmaceuticals. Because of its functionality and environmental acceptability, citric acid and its salts (primarily sodium and potassium) are used in many industrial applications for chelation, buffering, pH adjustment, and derivitization. These uses include laundry detergents, shampoos and cosmetics, enhanced oil recovery, and metal cleaning. This article details its occurrence in nature, the physical and chemical properties of citric acid, and commercial manufacturing, processing, shipping, and storage information. Descriptions are given of the two common methods to recover citric acid from its fermentation broth: lime‐sulfuric acid recovery and also liquid extraction. Commercial considerations including worldwide production and U.S. distribution end use are reviewed. Various national compendial specifications for citric acid and common analytical test methods are discussed. Health and safety factors including environmental concerns are addressed.

Development and physiological characterization of cellobiose‐consuming Yarrowia lipolytica

“…The decreasing supply of fossil fuels and growing awareness of environmental impacts of conventional energy and chemical production processes have motivated sustainable and environmentally‐friendly production of fuels and chemicals from renewable feedstocks [Carroll and Somerville, ; Peralta‐Yahya et al, ]. Among microorganisms identified to have high potential for application in the renewable chemicals industry, Yarrowia lipolytica has been highlighted as a viable microbial platform for production of a broad range of target molecules, including proteins [Madzak et al, ], organic acids [Lopez‐Garcia ; Finogenova et al, ; Sauer et al, ], lipids [Beopoulos et al, ; Tai and Stephanopoulos ; Blazeck et al, ], and specialized fatty acids [Bankar et al, ; Papanikolaou and Aggelis ; Xue et al, ]. The organism has been used and characterized for industrial applications [Barth and Gaillardin, ; Max et al, ] and has been extensively studied as a model organism for a variety different cellular processes including, lipogenesis [Beopoulos et al, ; Beopoulos et al, ], protein secretion [Titorenko et al, ; Nicaud et al, ; Beckerich et al, ], peroxisome biogenesis [Titorenko et al, ], hydrophobic substrate utilization [Fickers et al, ; Fukuda and Ohta, ], and fungal dimorphism [Herrero et al, ; Dominguez et al, ].…”

Adsorption of Organic Matter at Mineral/Water Interfaces: 3. Implications of Surface Dissolution for Adsorption of Oxalate

“…For example, a variety of plants are known to release LMW anions such as citrate and malate in response to increased concentrations of dissolved aluminum in soil solutions. The formation of stable Al−organic chelates results and serves to greatly reduce the effective aluminum phytotoxicity. ,, Similarly, LMW anions such as citrate are used as stable metal chelation agents and sequestrants in a wide range of industrial applications, including the production of animal feeds, fertilizers, papers, and cosmetics and the electroplating of metals …”

Application Effect of Biochar, Activated Carbon and Microorganisms on Reducing the Phytotoxicity of Cd and Pb

“…The highest solubilization index was recorded by the strain APB-4 and the lowest by the strain APB-2. Many microorganisms including bacteria such as Arthrobacter paraffinens, Bacillus sp, Corynebacterium sp., produce organic acids (Lopez-Garcia, 2002). The organic acids produced by various microbes are citric, gluconic, itaconic, lactic, oxalic, fumaric, malic acid.…”

“…Organic acids are produced by a vast variety of microorganisms, including bacteria such Arthrobacter paraffinens, Bacillus sp., and Corynebacterium sp. (Lopez-Garcia, 2002). Citric, gluconic, itaconic, lactic, oxalic, fumaric, and malic acid are some of the organic acids that different microorganisms can create.…”