Citric acid production by electrodialysis with bipolar membranes

Life Cycle Assessment of water treatment: what is the contribution of infrastructure and operation at unit process level?

“…The consumption of chemicals is based on the specific treatment rates and the related flow. The inventory of citric acid is based on the electricity requirement (10 kWh/kg of produced citric acid) of the electrodialysis production process from Tongwen and Weihua (2002). Finally, transport of reagents is not included because of their negligible contribution, as showed in previous studies (e.g.…”

Membrane Processing Technology in the Food Industry: Food Processing, Wastewater Treatment, and Effects on Physical, Microbiological, Organoleptic, and Nutritional Properties of Foods

“…It was estimated that, ideally, the concentration should vary between 0.5-1.0 M for the Na 2 SO and 0.25-1.5 M for the sodium citrate. Maximum quantities of concentrated substance (30L -1 can be achieved at 0.5 M Na 3 Cit -0.5 M Na 2 SO 4 within less than 200min, at 25°C (Tongwen & Weihua, 2002).…”

Optimized pH and Its Control Strategy Lead to Enhanced Itaconic Acid Fermentation by Aspergillus terreus on Glucose Substrate

“…Furthermore, MED (depending on the trait of the membrane) was found to be an approach that provides additional process benefits, such as in the case of citric acid downstreaming [19]. It was concluded by scientists such as Tongwen and Waihua [20], as well as Pinacci and Radaelli [21], studying the separation of fermentatively-generated citric acid, that MED equipped with a bipolar membrane enabled the production of caustic soda. This chemical, NaOH, can be recycled to the bioreactor unit in order to adjust and keep the pH at the desired level during the fermentation [12].…”