Citrinin biomarkers: a review of recent data and application to human exposure assessment

Ali, Nurshad; Degen, Gisela H.

doi:10.1007/s00204-019-02570-y

Cited by 31 publications

(39 citation statements)

References 47 publications

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“…The mean citrinin and dihydrocitrinone concentrations in the commonly consumed foods analyzed in the present study are remarkably high, suggesting high citrinin exposures in the Nigerian populace. This view is supported by recent biomonitoring data in Nigeria where citrinin and dihydrocitrinone were found in human urines (Šarkanj et al, 2018) and estimations presented high citrinin intake and exposure exceeding the set preliminary tolerable daily intake value by EFSA (Ali and Degen, 2019). More surveillance and human biomonitoring studies are required to understand the extent of citrinin contamination and dietary exposure as well as the patterns of its co-exposures with other chemical contaminants in Nigeria.…”

Section: Fungal Secondary Metabolites and Plant Toxins In Rte Foodsmentioning

confidence: 84%

“…Citrinin is a nephrotoxin presently classed as group 3 compound (International Agency for Research on Cancer [IARC], 1993) because of insufficient evidence for carcinogenicity. In addition, legal requirement or regulation is unavailable for this food in the instance of surveillance activities; thus, limited dietary exposure data abound (Ali and Degen, 2019). However, the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) has set a 0.2 µg/kg bw/day "level of no concern for nephrotoxicity" in humans based on recent data available and given uncertainties (European Food Safety Authority [EFSA], 2012; Ali and Degen, 2019).…”

Section: Fungal Secondary Metabolites and Plant Toxins In Rte Foodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In addition, legal requirement or regulation is unavailable for this food in the instance of surveillance activities; thus, limited dietary exposure data abound (Ali and Degen, 2019). However, the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) has set a 0.2 µg/kg bw/day "level of no concern for nephrotoxicity" in humans based on recent data available and given uncertainties (European Food Safety Authority [EFSA], 2012; Ali and Degen, 2019). The mean citrinin and dihydrocitrinone concentrations in the commonly consumed foods analyzed in the present study are remarkably high, suggesting high citrinin exposures in the Nigerian populace.…”

Section: Fungal Secondary Metabolites and Plant Toxins In Rte Foodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Fungal Diversity and Mycotoxins in Low Moisture Content Ready-To-Eat Foods in Nigeria

et al. 2020

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Low moisture content ready-to-eat foods vended in Nigerian markets could be prepackaged or packaged at point of sale. These foods are widely and frequently consumed across Nigeria as quick foods. Despite their importance in the daily diets of Nigerians, a comprehensive study on the diversity of fungi, fungal metabolite production potential, and mycotoxin contamination in the foods has not yet been reported. Therefore, this study assessed the diversity of fungi in 70 samples of low moisture content ready-to-eat foods [cheese balls, garri (cassava-based), granola (a mix of cereals and nuts) and popcorn] in Nigeria by applying a polyphasic approach including morphological examination, genera/species-specific gene marker sequencing and secondary metabolite profiling of fungal cultures. Additionally, mycotoxin levels in the foods were determined by LC-MS/MS. Fungal strains (n = 148) were recovered only from garri. Molecular analysis of 107 representative isolates revealed 27 species belonging to 12 genera: Acremonium, Allophoma, Aspergillus, Cladosporium, Fusarium, Microdochium, Penicillium, Sarocladium, Talaromyces, and Tolypocladium in the Ascomycota, and Fomitopsis and Trametes in the Basidiomycota. To the best of our knowledge Allophoma, Fomitopsis, Microdochium, Tolypocladium, and Trametes are reported in African food for the first time. A total of 21 uncommon metabolites were found in cultures of the following species: andrastin A and sporogen AO1 in Aspergillus flavus; paspalin in A. brunneoviolaceus; lecanoic acid and rugulusovin in A. sydowii; sclerotin A in P. citrinum and Talaromyces siamensis; barceloneic acid, festuclavine, fumigaclavine, isochromophilons (IV, VI, and IX), ochrephilone, sclerotioramin, and sclerotiorin in P. sclerotium; epoxyagroclavine, infectopyron, methylorsellinic acid and trichodermamide C in P. steckii; moniliformin and sporogen AO1 in P. copticola; and aminodimethyloctadecanol in Tolypocladium. Twenty-four mycotoxins in addition to other 73 fungal and plant toxins were quantified in the foods. In garri, cheeseballs, popcorn and granola were 1, 6, 12, and 23 mycotoxins detected, respectively. Frontiers in Microbiology | www.frontiersin.org 1 April 2020 | Volume 11 | Article 615 Ezekiel et al. Fungi and Mycotoxins in Ready-to-Eat FoodsDeoxynivalenol, fumonisins, moniliformin, aflatoxins and citrinin contaminated 37, 31, 31, 20, and 14% of all food samples, respectively. Overall, citrinin had the highest mean concentration of 1481 µg/kg in the foods, suggesting high citrinin exposures in the Nigerian populace. Fungal and mycotoxin contamination of the foods depend on pre-food and post-food processing practices.

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Section: Fungal Secondary Metabolites and Plant Toxins In Rte Foodsmentioning

confidence: 84%

Section: Fungal Secondary Metabolites and Plant Toxins In Rte Foodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Fungal Secondary Metabolites and Plant Toxins In Rte Foodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Fungal Diversity and Mycotoxins in Low Moisture Content Ready-To-Eat Foods in Nigeria

et al. 2020

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“…Liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) with different organic solvents was also widely used. Acetonitrile (ACN) [23,[54][55][56], chloroform [57], chloroform/isopropanol [55], ethylacetate (EtOAc) [48,58], diethyl ether [58] and mixtures of these with water, such as H 2 O/acetone/ACN [59][60][61][62][63], have proven to be the most efficient solvents for mycotoxin LLE extraction. An acid solution can help the extraction process by disrupting interactions between the toxins and sample constituents, such as proteins.…”

Section: Mycotoxin Determination In Human Blood Plasma and Serummentioning

confidence: 99%

“…CIT and its metabolite dihydrocitrinon (DH-CIT) in plasma have been described as good biomarkers of this mycotoxin in HBM [56]. Due to its nephrotoxicity, CIT may be a contributing factor to the high frequency of renal tumors in some countries [54] [23] to measure CIT and DH-CIT by means of an ACN protein precipitation, followed by centrifugation and analysis by LC-MS/MS, have been applied in studies on human plasma [23,55].…”

Section: Mycotoxin Biomarkers In Human Blood Plasma and Serummentioning

confidence: 99%

Human Biomonitoring of Mycotoxins in Blood, Plasma and Serum in Recent Years: A Review

Arce-López

Lizarraga

Vettorazzi

et al. 2020

Toxins

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This manuscript reviews the state-of-the-art regarding human biological monitoring (HBM) of mycotoxins in plasma, serum and blood samples. After a comprehensive and systematic literature review, with a focus on the last five years, several aspects were analyzed and summarized: (a) the biomarkers analyzed and their encountered levels, (b) the analytical methodologies developed and (c) the relationship between biomarker levels and some illnesses. In the literature reviewed, aflatoxin B1-lysine (AFB1-lys) and ochratoxin A (OTA) in plasma and serum were the most widely studied mycotoxin biomarkers for HBM. Regarding analytical methodologies, a clear increase in the development of methods for the simultaneous determination of multiple mycotoxins has been observed. For this purpose, the use of liquid chromatography (LC) methodologies, especially when coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) or high resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) has grown. A high percentage of the samples analyzed for OTA or aflatoxin B1 (mostly as AFB1-lys) in the reviewed papers were positive, demonstrating human exposure to mycotoxins. This review confirms the importance of mycotoxin human biomonitoring and highlights the important challenges that should be faced, such as the inclusion of other mycotoxins in HBM programs, the need to increase knowledge of mycotoxin metabolism and toxicokinetics, and the need for reference materials and new methodologies for treating samples. In addition, guidelines are required for analytical method validation, as well as equations to establish the relationship between human fluid levels and mycotoxin intake.

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Bildung von modifizierten Formen des Mykotoxins Citrinin bei thermischen Verarbeitungsprozessen von getreidebasierten Lebensmitteln

2024

Lebensmittelchemie

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Citrinin biomarkers: a review of recent data and application to human exposure assessment

Cited by 31 publications

References 47 publications

Fungal Diversity and Mycotoxins in Low Moisture Content Ready-To-Eat Foods in Nigeria

Fungal Diversity and Mycotoxins in Low Moisture Content Ready-To-Eat Foods in Nigeria

Human Biomonitoring of Mycotoxins in Blood, Plasma and Serum in Recent Years: A Review

Bildung von modifizierten Formen des Mykotoxins Citrinin bei thermischen Verarbeitungsprozessen von getreidebasierten Lebensmitteln

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