Citrus Fruits

Smilanick, Joseph L.; Erasmus, Arno; Palou, Lluı́s

doi:10.1201/9781315209180-1

Cited by 16 publications

(33 citation statements)

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“…Postharvest diseases are one of the most important problems affecting both fresh and juice citrus industries and are mainly caused by fungal pathogens. Fungi can infect the fruit before, during or after harvest, but disease develops when the fruit has been picked, causing important economic losses to the industry in many countries [2][3][4][5]. Depending on the climate of the production area where citrus are grown, the importance of the main postharvest diseases varies.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In high summer rainfall areas, such as Brazil or Florida, latent infections initiated in the fruit before harvest are the most relevant and are typically caused by the genera Colletotrichum, Lasiodiplodia, Phomopsis, Alternaria and Phytophthora, among others. In contrast, in areas with low summer rainfall, such as Spain and other Mediterranean countries, California or South Africa, wound pathogens that infect the fruit through injuries inflicted during harvest or after harvest are more prevalent, especially those belonging to the genera Penicillium, the cause of green and blue molds, and Geotrichum, the cause of sour rot [3,6].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In contrast, ascospores are less numerous but airborne, taking part in long distance dispersal. The spores germinate giving rise to appressoria that generally remain latent on the fruit surface [3,7]. In general, temperatures surrounding 25 • C and relative humidity (RH) higher than 95% are optimal environmental conditions that favor C. gloeosporioides germination and appressorium formation [8].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Edible Coatings Formulated with Antifungal GRAS Salts to Control Citrus Anthracnose Caused by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides and Preserve Postharvest Fruit Quality

et al. 2020

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The in vitro antifungal activity of various generally recognized as safe (GRAS) salts against Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, the causal agent of citrus postharvest anthracnose, was evaluated as mycelial growth reduction on potato dextrose agar (PDA) dishes amended with salt aqueous solutions at different concentrations. The most effective treatments [0.2% ammonium carbonate (AC), 2% potassium sorbate (PS), 0.2% potassium carbonate (PC), 0.1% sodium methylparaben (SMP), 0.1% sodium ethylparaben (SEP), 2% sodium benzoate (SB) and 2% potassium silicate (PSi)] were selected as antifungal ingredients of composite edible coatings formulated with hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC)-beeswax (BW) matrixes. Stable coatings containing these salts were applied in in vivo curative experiments to “Nadorcott” mandarins and “Valencia” oranges artificially inoculated with C. gloeosporioides and those containing 2% PS, 2% SB and 2% PSi were the most effective to reduce anthracnose severity with respect to control fruit (up to 70% on mandarins). The effect of these selected coatings on the quality of non-inoculated and cold-stored “Valencia” oranges was determined after 28 and 56 days at 5 °C and 90% RH, followed by 7 days of shelf life at 20 °C. None of the coatings significantly reduced weight loss of coated oranges, but they modified their internal atmosphere, increasing the CO2 content. Overall, the coatings did not adversely affect the physicochemical and sensory attributes of the fruit.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Edible Coatings Formulated with Antifungal GRAS Salts to Control Citrus Anthracnose Caused by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides and Preserve Postharvest Fruit Quality

et al. 2020

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“…This decay is the second cause of post-harvest citrus decay after Penicillium spp. [ 2 ]. G. citri-aurantii poses serious problems for its control and eradication [ 3 ] because it is present in the soil and it is dispersed by air, by splashing rainwater and irrigation towards the surface of the fruit.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The pathogen enters the fruit throughout wounds on the skin caused by mechanical damage, wind or insects during on-tree fruit development, harvesting or postharvest handling, and once the fungus entry to the albedo the disease begins [ 4 , 5 ]. G. citri-aurantii involves the secretion of extracellular endopolygalacturonases (PG) which quickly macerate the tissues of the fruit and the contact between fruit cells and the secreted juices of the infected area can reach the healthy areas propagating the rot during storage [ 2 ]. The ideal conditions for infection to occur are turgid fruit skin with free water, ambient temperatures between 12 and 36 °C, pH ranging from 2.0 to 8.5, high relative humidity (92% to 98%) and availability of sugars, acids and starch.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Thymol Encapsulated into HP-β-Cyclodextrin as an Alternative to Synthetic Fungicides to Induce Lemon Resistance against Sour Rot Decay

et al. 2020

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Consumers demand the use of eco-friendly fungicides to treat fruit and vegetables and governmental authorities have unauthorized the application of chemical antifungals for the efficient control of sour rot. In the present research, the microwave irradiation (MW) method was used to encapsulate thymol into 2-hydroxylpropyl-beta-cyclodextrin (HP-β-CD) and the effect of these HP-β-CD on controlling sour rot in citrus fruit, caused by Geotrichum citri-aurantii, was evaluated. Amounts of 25 and 50 mM of HP-β-CD-thymol were used, and compared with propiconazole, to control the decay of inoculated lemon fruit. The treatments were performed in curative and preventive experiments. The incidence and severity of Geotrichum citri-aurantii in 25 and 50 mM HP-β-CD-thymol-treated fruit were reduced in both experiments. The preventive 50 mM HP-β-CD-thymol treatment showed the best effect, reducing the sour rot, respiration rate and fruit weight loss during storage at 20 °C. HP-β-CD-thymol increased polyphenol concentration and the activity of antioxidant enzymes, such as catalase (CAT), ascorbate peroxidase (APX) and peroxidase (POD) in lemon peel, and the highest effects were found with the 50-mM dose. In conclusion, the results show that the use of thymol encapsulated by MW into HP-β-CD could be an effective and sustainable tool, a substitute to the synthetic fungicides, for G. citri-auriantii control in citrus fruit.

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Starch‐based antifungal edible coatings to control sour rot caused by Geotrichum citri‐aurantii and maintain postharvest quality of ‘Fino’ lemon

et al. 2021

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BACKGROUND: Two edible coating (EC) emulsions based on potato starch (F6 and F10) alone or formulated with sodium benzoate (SB, 2% w/w) (F6/SB and F10/SB) were evaluated to maintain postharvest quality of cold-stored 'Fino' lemons and control sour rot on lemons artificially inoculated with Geotrichum citri-aurantii. Previous research showed the potential of these ECs to improve the storability of 'Orri' mandarins and reduce citrus green and blue molds caused by Penicillum digitatum and Penicillium italicum, respectively. RESULTS: The coatings F6/SB and F10/SB significantly reduced sour rot incidence and severity compared to uncoated control samples on lemons incubated at 28 °C for 4 and 7 days. The F6/SB coating reduced weight loss and gas exchange compared to uncoated fruit after 2 and 4 weeks of storage at 12 °C plus a shelf life of 1 week at 20 °C, without adversely affecting the lemon physicochemical quality. CONCLUSION: Overall, the F6/SB coating formulation, composed of pregelatinized potato starch, glyceryl monostearate, glycerol, emulsifiers and SB, with a total solid content of 5.5%, showed the best results in reducing citrus sour rot and maintaining the postharvest quality of cold-stored 'Fino' lemons. Therefore, it showed potential as a new cost-effective postharvest treatment suitable to be included in integrated disease management programs for citrus international markets with zero tolerance to chemical residues.

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Citrus Fruits

Cited by 16 publications

References 0 publications

Edible Coatings Formulated with Antifungal GRAS Salts to Control Citrus Anthracnose Caused by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides and Preserve Postharvest Fruit Quality

Edible Coatings Formulated with Antifungal GRAS Salts to Control Citrus Anthracnose Caused by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides and Preserve Postharvest Fruit Quality

Thymol Encapsulated into HP-β-Cyclodextrin as an Alternative to Synthetic Fungicides to Induce Lemon Resistance against Sour Rot Decay

Starch‐based antifungal edible coatings to control sour rot caused by Geotrichum citri‐aurantii and maintain postharvest quality of ‘Fino’ lemon

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