Citrus Stubborn Disease in Iraq and Syria: Correlation Between Symptom Expression and Detection of Spiroplasma Citri by Culture and ELISA

Specific scope: This Standard describes the procedure for inspection of places of production of citrus plants for planting and includes relevant sampling criteria and the main regulated pests. This Standard covers plants of Citrus L. and other genera of the plant family Rutaceae such as Fortunella Swingle and Poncirus Raf., and their hybrids for fruit production. It focuses on EPPO A1 and A2 pests which infest these plants. Inspections of places of production may provide useful information for export certification, internal country movement of material, contribute to general surveillance or support demonstration of pest freedom (place of production or area). Specific approval: This Standard was first approved in 2023-09. Authors and contributors are given in the Acknowledgements section.

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Wall-Less Prokaryotes of Plants

Bové¹

1984

Annu. Rev. Phytopathol.

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The first mention of an association between wall-less prokaryotes and plants was published by Doi et al (53) in Japanese in 1967 in a work entitled, "Mycoplasma or PLT:group-like microorganisms found in the phloem ele ments of plants infected with mulberry dwarf, potato witches' broom, aster yellows, or paulownia witches' broom."J Similar microorganisms had been seen at about the same time in rice infected with yellow dwarf disease (121). When plants containing the newly discovered microorganisms were given tetracycline treatments, symptom remission occurred as long as the antibiotic application lasted, and the observed microorganisms disappeared temporarily from the phloem of these plants (76,121). Penicillin treatments had no effect. These results have been amply confirmed (108, 153). Because mycoplasmas were known to be sensitive to tetracycline but not penicillin, whereas the PLT agents were affected by both of these antibiotics (7, 75; see also 50), the microorganisms found by the Japanese workers were considered mycoplasma like and not chlamydiae-like and have been called mycoplasma-like organisms (MLOs).2 Similar MLOs have since been found to be associated with more than 100 diseases in plants (103).Mycoplasmas and permanent (irreversible) L-variants (161) of bacteria have 'PLT refers to psittacosis-lymphogranuloma-trachoma; the agents of these diseases are the Chlamydiae, a group of obligate intracellular parasites with a Gram-negative type of cell envelope.2The trivial lenn mycoplasma in the phrase MLO is used as a synonym for mollicute and does not imply the genus Mycoplasma. The name mollicute was first proposed in 1967 (59).

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Citrus Stubborn Disease in Iraq and Syria: Correlation Between Symptom Expression and Detection of Spiroplasma Citri by Culture and ELISA

Cited by 5 publications

References 4 publications

Spiroplasma citri (stubborn disease of citrus)

Spiroplasma citri (stubborn disease of citrus)

PM 3/95 (1) Inspection of places of production‐ Citrus plants for planting

Wall-Less Prokaryotes of Plants

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