Civil commitment: A review of empirical research

Hiday, Virginia Aldigé

doi:10.1002/bsl.2370060104

Cited by 103 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 74 publications

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“…Studies conducted by Bursten (1986) and Steadman et al (2001) found no major differences in rehospitalization rates among committed outpatients and control groups. However, studies by Zanni and de Veau (1986), Fernandez and Nygard (1990), Munetz et al (1996), Hiday (1988), Hiday and Scheid-Cook (1987), and Swartz et al (2001) report decreased rehospitalization rates during or following participation in outpatient commitment programs. Patient's length of hospital stay following outpatient commitment is also an important outcome measure; these studies found significant reductions in the number of hospitals days associated with outpatient commitment.…”

Section: Studies Of Outpatient Commitment In the District Of Columbiamentioning

confidence: 92%

“…Today, at least 40 states have enacted statutes authorizing civil commitment to outpatient treatment programs for those incapable of self-sustained treatment compliance (Hiday 1988;Hiday et al 2002) (Readers can find detailed information on OPC statutes online at the Bazelon Center (www.bazelon.org/) and Treatment Advocacy Center (www.psychlaws.org)).…”

Section: Downloaded By [Washington University In St Louis] At 04:48 0mentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Effectiveness and Ethical Justification of Psychiatric Outpatient Commitment

Zanni

Stavis

2007

The American Journal of Bioethics

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Studies link involuntary outpatient commitment with improved patient outcomes, fueling debate on its ethical justification. This study compares inpatient utilization for committed outpatients in the 1990s with those who were not under outpatient civil commitment orders. Findings reveal committed outpatients had higher utilization of inpatient services and restraint episodes prior to their commitment compared with a control group. Committed outpatients also were more likely to have been on discharge status at the time of admission, have been admitted involuntarily under emergency legal procedures, and have had a greater number of admissions and hospital days prior to their commitment. Following commitment, patients had fewer hospitalizations, shorter lengths of stay, fewer seclusion episodes and hours, and fewer restraint episodes and hours. Findings are discussed within the context of parens patriae and therapeutic jurisprudence, and support medical and public policy justifications for ethical uses of outpatient civil commitment laws for seriously mentally ill patients.

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Section: Studies Of Outpatient Commitment In the District Of Columbiamentioning

confidence: 92%

Section: Downloaded By [Washington University In St Louis] At 04:48 0mentioning

confidence: 99%

The Effectiveness and Ethical Justification of Psychiatric Outpatient Commitment

Zanni

Stavis

2007

The American Journal of Bioethics

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“…Ces modifications, malgré certaines variations locales, étaient toutes orientées dans la direction d'un accroissement des conditions nécessaires pour procéder à l'internement d'une personne contre son gré (Gordon et Verdun-Jones, 1986;Robertson, 1987;Hiday, 1988;Migneault et O'Neil, 1988;Brouillette et Paris, 1991;Gordon, 1993;Holstein, 1993) : des exigences plus grandes quant aux signes de danger pour soi-même ou pour autrui; des délais prolongés pour procéder; la mise en oeuvre de procédures judiciaires ou quasi judiciaires; et le droit des personnes d'être représentées par un avocat (donc une procédure contradictoire). Ce second aspect des transformations en matière de santé mentale limitait les réponses susceptibles d'être apportées dans des cas de désorganisation, d'incohérence ou de signes de danger possible pour la personne elle-même ou pour autrui.…”

Section: La Criminalisation De La Maladie Mentaleunclassified

Pratiques de déjudiciarisation de la maladie mentale : le modèle de l’Urgence psychosociale-justice

Morin

Landreville

Laberge

2002

crimino

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Au Canada, on a constaté un nombre grandissant de personnes ayant des problèmes de santé mentale et qui ont des démêlés avec la justice. La dynamique d'exclusion engendrée par cette intervention pour ces personnes - difficultés d'accéder à des soins et des services, détérioration des conditions de vie, accélération de la judiciarisation avec des retours multiples en prison -, ainsi que l'épuisement des ressources - consultations répétées en urgence psychiatrique, demandes accrues de services auprès des ressources communautaires -, ont montré la nécessité d'examiner la politique de déjudiciarisation. Cette dernière vise l'usage de mesures non pénales ou, lorsque ce n'est pas possible, la diminution ou l'absence de recours à l'incarcération, selon la nature ou la gravité du problème à régler. Cet article documente des pratiques de déjudiciarisation à travers l'exploration d'un nouveau programme d'intervention : l'Urgence psychosociale-justice de Montréal (UPSJ). Après un examen de la thèse de la criminalisation de la maladie mentale, le texte présente quelques résultats préliminaires des 19 premiers mois de fonctionnement du service. En conclusion, s'il apparaît évident que l'UPSJ joue un rôle clé en amont en évitant des entrées dans le système pénal, elle soulève la question de la capacité du milieu à répondre aux besoins d'intervention et de prise en charge des populations ciblées.A growing numbers of people who suffer from mental health problems have been found to run into trouble with the criminal justice system. The exclusion dynamic created by intervention targeted at these people - difficult medical care and access to services, deteriorating living conditions, the acceleration of judicial processing along with multiple prison experiences - as well as increasing ressource limitations - repeated psychiatric emergency ward consultations, growing service demands on community ressources - have both demonstrated the need to examine policies that would divert people from the criminal judicial system. Such policies aim to promote the use of non judicial measures, or when this is not possible, lessen or put an end to incarceration practices, depending on the nature and seriousness of the problem. This article researches judicial diversion practices through the exploration of a new intervention program: l'Urgence psychosociale-justice de Montréal (UPSJ). After reviewing the mental illness criminalization thesis, the text goes on to present preliminary results of the service's first 19 months of functioning. In conclusion, although the UPSJ obviously plays a key role in reducing entries into the criminal justice system, its very existence also raises the issue of the environment's capacity to answer the target population's intervention and caretaking needs

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“…Known in the UK, Ireland, Australia, and New Zealand as MHRTs or Mental Health Tribunals, elsewhere in the world, similar review panels are referred to as Mental Health Review Boards (Canada) or Psychiatric Review Boards (Japan) [2]. In other European countries, involuntary admissions are typically reviewed by a judge rather than a specialist tribunal [3], whilst the United States of America (USA) follow a purely judicial model with Civil Commitment Proceedings held before a court [4]. …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Predictors of Mental Health Review Tribunal (MHRT) outcome in a forensic inpatient population: a prospective cohort study

et al. 2017

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BackgroundPrevious studies have investigated factors associated with outcome at Mental Health Review Tribunals (MHRTs) in forensic psychiatric patients; however, dynamic variables such as treatment compliance and substance misuse have scarcely been examined, particularly in UK samples. We aimed to determine whether dynamic factors related to behaviour, cooperation with treatment, and activities on the ward were prospectively associated with outcome at MHRT.MethodsAt baseline, demographic, clinical, behavioural, and treatment-related factors were ascertained via electronic medical records and census forms completed by the patient’s clinical team. Data on MHRTs (i.e., number attended, responsible clinician’s recommendation, and outcome) were collected at a 2-year follow-up. Logistic regression analyses were performed to determine factors associated with outcome among those who attended a MHRT within the follow-up period. Of the 135 forensic inpatients examined at baseline, 79 patients (59%) attended a MHRT during the 2-year follow-up period and therefore comprised the study sample. Of these 79 patients included in the current study, 28 (35%) were subsequently discharged.ResultsIn univariable analyses, unescorted community leave, responsible clinician’s recommendation of discharge, and restricted Mental Health Act section were associated with a greater likelihood of discharge at MHRT; whilst inpatient aggression, a recent episode of acute illness, higher total score on the Historical Clinical Risk – 20 (HCR-20), higher HCR-20 clinical and risk scores, and agitated behaviour were negatively associated with discharge (p < 0.05). In multivariable analyses, HCR-20 clinical scale scores and physical violence independently predicted outcome at tribunal after controlling for other dynamic variables.ConclusionBy identifying dynamic factors associated with discharge at tribunal, the results have important implications for forensic psychiatric patients and their clinical teams. Our findings suggest that by reducing levels of agitated behaviour, verbal aggression, and physical violence on the ward, achieving unescorted community leave, and targeting specific items on the HCR-20 risk assessment tool, patients may be able to improve their changes of discharge at a MHRT.

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Civil commitment: A review of empirical research

Cited by 103 publications

References 74 publications

The Effectiveness and Ethical Justification of Psychiatric Outpatient Commitment

The Effectiveness and Ethical Justification of Psychiatric Outpatient Commitment

Pratiques de déjudiciarisation de la maladie mentale : le modèle de l’Urgence psychosociale-justice

Predictors of Mental Health Review Tribunal (MHRT) outcome in a forensic inpatient population: a prospective cohort study

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