Civil commitment experiences among opioid users

Christopher, Paul P.; Anderson, Bradley J.; Stein, Michael D.

doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2018.10.001

Cited by 29 publications

(34 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…13 For instance, according to Massachusetts Department of Public Health data, patients re-entering the community from a period of civil commitment for SUD face 2.2 times the risk of fatal overdose compared to those completing a course of voluntary treatment, and a recent study reported that one third of people with SUD who were civilly committed in MA used drugs on the day they were released. 14 These data echo international evidence that compulsory treatment is a source of risk, rather than risk reduction. 15 The involuntary commitment system is particularly problematic in light of pervasive barriers in accessing on-demand treatment voluntarily and at no cost.…”

Section: Ineffective and Counterproductive State Policiesmentioning

confidence: 73%

State Approaches to Addressing the Overdose Epidemic: Public Health Focus Needed

Davis¹,

Green²,

LaSalle³

et al. 2019

J. Law. Med. Ethics

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States have implemented a variety of legal and policy approaches to address the overdose epidemic. Some approaches, like increasing access to naloxone and connecting overdose survivors with evidence-based treatment, have a strong public health foundation and a compelling evidence base. Others, like increasing reliance on punitive criminal justice approaches, have neither. This article examines law and policy changes that are likely to be effective in reducing overdose-related harm as well as those that are likely to increase it.

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Section: Ineffective and Counterproductive State Policiesmentioning

confidence: 73%

State Approaches to Addressing the Overdose Epidemic: Public Health Focus Needed

Davis¹,

Green²,

LaSalle³

et al. 2019

J. Law. Med. Ethics

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…Of the 32 publications removed from consideration, 14 were removed because they described studies that were not interventions, six were not implemented as part of criminal justice involvement, seven were not opioid-specific, one was not exclusively for people who are involved in the criminal justice system, and three were removed because the outcomes The majority of interventions were implemented in prisons (n = 6 interventions, 7 publications) [36][37][38][39][40][41][42] and jails (n = 3) [43][44][45]. The remainder were implemented in Transitions Clinics (n = 2) [46,47] or in a civil commitment facility (n = 1) [48]. Results are described in Table 1 and tabulated in Table 2.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Interventions for incarcerated adults with opioid use disorder in the United States: A systematic review with a focus on social determinants of health

et al. 2020

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Incarceration poses significant health risks for people involved in the criminal justice system. As the world's leader in incarceration, the United States incarcerated population is at higher risk for infectious diseases, mental illness, and substance use disorder. Previous studies indicate that the mortality rate for people coming out of prison is almost 13 times higher than that of the general population; opioids contribute to nearly 1 in 8 post-release fatalities overall, and almost half of all overdose deaths. Given the hazardous intersection of incarceration, opioid use disorder, and social determinants of health, we systematically reviewed recent evidence on interventions for opioid use disorder (OUD) implemented as part of United States criminal justice system involvement, with an emphasis on social determinants of health (SDOH). We searched academic literature to identify eligible studies of an intervention for OUD that was implemented in the context of criminal justice system involvement (e.g., incarceration or parole/probation) for adults ages 19 and older. From 6,604 citations, 13 publications were included in final synthesis. Most interventions were implemented in prisons (n = 6 interventions), used medication interventions (n = 10), and did not include SDOH as part of the study design (n = 8). Interventions that initiated medication treatment early and throughout incarceration had significant, positive effects on opioid use outcomes. Evidence supports medication treatment administered throughout the period of criminal justice involvement as an effective method of improving post-release outcomes in individuals with criminal justice involvement. While few studies included SDOH components, many investigators recognized SDOH needs as competing priorities among justice-involved individuals. This review suggests an evidence gap; evidence-based interventions that address OUD and SDOH in the context of criminal justice involvement are urgently needed.

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“…Police referrals alone, without scale-up and coordination with evidence-based harm reduction interventions, may result in coerced admission to detoxification and/or abstinencebased programs. In such instances, police referrals constitute an additional source of damage as coerced detox "treatment" paradigms have been associated with harm among PWID, including higher likelihood of experiencing non-fatal overdose [40,67].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Municipal police support for harm reduction services in officer-led referrals of people who inject drugs in Tijuana, Mexico

et al. 2021

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Background Police constitute a structural determinant of health and HIV risk of people who inject drugs (PWID), and negative encounters with law enforcement present significant barriers to PWID access to harm reduction services. Conversely, police may facilitate access via officer-led referrals, potentiating prevention of HIV, overdose, and drug-related harms. We aimed to identify police characteristics associated with support for officer-led referrals to addiction treatment services and syringe service programs (SSP). We hypothesized that officers who believe harm reduction services are contradictory to policing priorities in terms of safety and crime reduction will be less likely to support police referrals. Methods Between January and June 2018, police officers (n = 305) in Tijuana, Mexico, completed self-administered surveys about referrals to harm reduction services during the 24-month follow-up visit as part of the SHIELD police training and longitudinal cohort study. Log-binomial regression was used to estimate adjusted prevalence ratios and model policing characteristics and attitudes related to officers’ support for including addiction treatment and SSP in referrals. Results Respondents were primarily male (89%), patrol officers (86%) with a median age of 38 years (IQR 33–43). Overall, 89% endorsed referral to addiction services, whereas 53% endorsed SSP as acceptable targets of referrals. Officers endorsing addiction services were less likely to be assigned to high drug use districts (adjusted prevalence ratio [APR] = 0.50, 95% CI 0.24, 1.08) and more likely to agree that methadone programs reduce crime (APR = 4.66, 95% CI 2.05, 9.18) than officers who did not support addiction services. Officers endorsing SSPs were younger (adjusted prevalence ratio [APR] = 0.96 95% CI 0.93, 0.98), less likely to be assigned to high drug use districts (APR = 0.50, 95% CI 0.29, 0.87), more likely to believe that methadone programs reduce crime (APR = 2.43, 95% CI 1.30, 4.55), and less likely to believe that SSPs increase risk of needlestick injury for police (APR = 0.44, 0.27, 0.71). Conclusions Beliefs related to the occupational impact of harm reduction services in terms of officer safety and crime reduction are associated with support for referral to related harm reduction services. Efforts to deflect PWID from carceral systems toward harm reduction by frontline police should include measures to improve officer knowledge and attitudes about harm reduction services as they relate to occupational safety and law enforcement priorities. Trial Registration: NCT02444403.

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Civil commitment experiences among opioid users

Cited by 29 publications

References 19 publications

State Approaches to Addressing the Overdose Epidemic: Public Health Focus Needed

State Approaches to Addressing the Overdose Epidemic: Public Health Focus Needed

Interventions for incarcerated adults with opioid use disorder in the United States: A systematic review with a focus on social determinants of health

Municipal police support for harm reduction services in officer-led referrals of people who inject drugs in Tijuana, Mexico

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