Cladistic analysis and synopsis of Chloropepla Stål (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Pentatomidae) with the description of three new species

Abstract

The present work brings together the dispersed information on the Neotropical genus Chloropepla. It was established in 1867 by Stål and reviewed in 1968 by Grazia; since the revision, ten new species have been added. In this work a cladistic analysis of the species of Chloropepla is presented. The monophyly of the genus was confirmed. Three monophyletic groups of species were identified: clade A (C. rideri sp.n., C. paveli, C. vigens, C. luteipennis), clade B (C. costaricensis sp.n., C. aurea and C. pirani) and clade C (C. dollingi, C. tucuriuensis, C. stysi, C. caxiuanensis sp.n. and C. rolstoni). An extended description of the genus and diagnoses for the species are provided. Three new species from Costa Rica, Venezuela and Brazil are described extending the northern distribution of the genus into Central America. A key to the species is also provided.

Rapid differentiation and asynchronous coevolution of male and female genitalia in stink bugs

“…Their external male genitalia are complex and formed by a series of folds and projections that comprise the genital capsule (pygophore). The pygophore is characterized by striking among‐species diversity and very low within‐species variation (Rolston, ; Greve et al ., ; Genevcius & Schwertner, ). In contrast, the external genitalia of females are relatively simple (Scudder, ; McDonald, ), comprising five plates whose variation is mainly bidimensional (Fig.…”

Review of the Neotropical genus Rhyncholepta with descriptions of three new species-group taxa (Hemiptera, Heteroptera, Pentatomidae)

“…4.42, 109, 114–115, 118 (diagnosis, key to genera, distribution, record, habitus photo); Greve et al (2013): 2, 3, 5, 12: fig. 4L, 14, 16: fig.…”

“…XI: fig. 6 (habitus illustration); Becker and Grazia-Vieira (1971): 393–396, 398–399, figs 1–3, 6–7, 10, 12, 14, 16 (redescription, habitus and detailed morphological illustrations, inadvertent lectotype designation, distribution); Arnold (2011): 104 (record); Greve et al (2013): 3, 5, 12: fig. 4L, 14, 16: fig.…”

“…Rhyncholepta since has been included in a generic key by Torres Gutiérrez (2005), and several authors have provided new distributional records or checklists from Honduras, Panama, Colombia, Venezuela, Brazil and Peru (Grazia 1984, Froeschner 1999, Arismendi and Thomas 2003, Arnold 2011, Castro-Huertas et al 2015, Cambra et al 2018, Rider et al 2018, Silva et al 2018). Greve et al (2013) included Rh.grandicallosa , along with Loxadeducta Walker, 1867 and Mayriniacurvidens (Mayr, 1864), as out-groups in their cladistic analysis of Chloropepla Stål, 1867, considering them closely related (based mainly on the presence of the hypandrium on the ventral wall of the genital capsule). The hypothesized relationship of Rhyncholepta with the allied genera was formalized by the description of the tribe Chlorocorini Rider, Greve, Schwertner & Grazia, 2018 (in Rider et al 2018), including Arvelius Spinola, 1837, Chlorocoris Spinola, 1837 (with 3 subgenera: Arawacoris Thomas, 1998, Chlorocoris , and Monochrocerus Stål, 1872), Chloropepla , Eludocoris Thomas, 1992, Fecelia , Loxa , and Mayrinia Horváth, 1925.…”

Stink Bugs (Pentatomidae)

“…No further defi nition was elaborated and the scattered phylogenetic evidences indicate that Pentatomini is not a monophyletic group (Gapud 1991 ;Hassan and Kitching 1993 ;Campos and Grazia 2006 ). Nonetheless, several studies using cladistic methodology at genus level for Neotropical groups put some light on to the relationships, especially among groups of species and genus level (Grazia 1997 ;Fortes and Grazia 2005 ;Simões et al 2012 ;Greve et al 2013 ). A phylogenetic analysis based in morphology and DNA sequences testing the Chlorocoris group was recently developed (Greve, personal communication), and the results derived from the total evidence analysis and the morphological analysis alone are not in complete agreement.…”