Cladistic analysis of distributions and endemism (CADE): using raw distributions of birds to unravel the biogeography of the South American aridlands

Abstract

Aim To use published distributional and taxonomic information on Neotropical birds in a cladistic analysis of distributions and endemism (CADE) to generate a testable hypothesis of area‐relationships for the arid areas of endemism, particularly those of Central South America (the ‘arid diagonal’), and to clarify the different methodologies commonly associated with parsimony analysis of endemicity (PAE). Location South America. Methods Cladistic analysis of distributions and endemism. Results We obtain a tree where the relationships of most areas are resolved, and we find support for an exclusive clade of Central South American areas, with the Caatinga as sister to both the Chaco and Cerrado. Main conclusions There is a substantial amount of historical signal in avian distributions, when large numbers of taxa and multiple taxonomic levels are considered. Ecological noise and historical information are more easily distinguished in CADE analyses than they would be in PAE analyses. Based on our results we predict that among aridland birds, the Cerrado and Chaco species will be more closely related to each other than to Caatinga species.

Historical relationships among Neotropical endemic areas based on Sepedonea (Diptera: Sciomyzidae) phylogenetic and distribution data

“…The lack of resolution on grouping provinces from Chacoan and Parana subregions in a polytomic clade can clearly be associated with Sepedonea species dependent on wet vegetation that are distributed over open vegetation areas. Especially in the Cerrado, PORZECANSKI & CRACRAFT (2005) concluded that the presence of forest-dependent species in that region would be the main factor influencing the polytomic outcome of the Atlantic forest and South America's arid areas (Cerrado, Chaco and Caatinga) in their study.…”

“…The Neotropical region is a good example of this intricate biogeographical pattern, and this is evident in various hypotheses about relationships between areas of endemism. The different hypotheses lend themselves to different explanatory proposals (CRACRAFT & PRUM 1988, PRUM 1988, AMORIM & PIRES 1996, SILVA & OREN 1996, BATES et al 1998, MORRONE & COSCARÓN 1998, RON 2000, MARKS et al 2002, PORZECANSKI & CRACRAFT 2005, BORTOLANZA et al 2006, HUBERT & RENNO 2006, NIHEI & CARVALHO 2007.…”

“…As was previously suggested, the reason for the grouping is that these species probably occur in enclaves of humid forest present in the area. In fact, the Pampa region has been considered as a mosaic of biotic elements originating from the Chaco and Monte provinces, and the Atlantic and Parana Forests (PORZECANSKI & CRACRAFT 2005, MORRONE 2006.…”

Biogeography of Amazonian fishes: deconstructing river basins as biogeographic units

“…Given that, we decided to employ also methodologies that do not rely directly on phylogenetic data, such as CADE and PAE but which nonetheless may be discussed and tested in comparisons with results from cladistic biogeographic analyses (Porzecanski, Cracraft, 2005).…”

Riqueza e endemismo de espécies de Baptistonia (Orchidaceae), no Brasil

“…A literatura é rica em dados sobre esse conceito e sobre as dificuldades de como estima-lo (Walther & Morand 1998, Hellmann & Fowler 1999, Gotelli & Colwell 2001, Ackerman et al 2007, Smidt et al 2007. O conceito de endemismo foi também amplamente discutido para diversos táxons em diversas áreas geográficas, tanto para quantificá-lo (Usher 1986, Kerr 1997) como para comparar uma régião à outra (Ron 2000, Bisconti et al 2001, Linder et al 2005, Porzecanski & Cracraft 2005, Moreno et al 2006. O presente estudo se baseia na avaliação destes dois conceitos, riqueza e endemismo, para o gênero Baptistonia Barb.…”