Clarity of the rhythmic brainstem

Paton, Julian F. R.

doi:10.1113/jp279732

Cited by 5 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…Special attention should be for SSEPs during bleeding or vascular traction, also, anatomical features of the area surgery, dorsal or ventral brain stem surface, as described in Xuesong Liu and al [24]. The experience described in the numerous articles demonstrates the effectiveness of CoMEPs use to achieve on-line monitoring of control to functional integrity cranial motors fibers [18,[25][26][27][28][29][30], if followed at the all rules, the registration can be without interruption the surgeon's work [16,27]. In recent years, the use of different types of reflexes became frequently [27,[31][32][33][34], oppositely BAEPs technique which was basic in the 90s for brainstem monitoring [35,36], but in our time gives only 20% of the brainstem area [10,26].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Identification is BSM, given the literature the main function is to identify the cranial nuclei and safe zones in the structure on the floor of the fourth ventricle brainstem [4,7,16,27]. But has several disadvantages including frequent interruption of the surgical procedure, the limitation of its use to the dorsal brainstem and fourth ventricle, with limited use in ventral or lateral brainstem operations and etc.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Continuous Dynamic Mapping of Cranial Nerve Pathways and Long Tracts Inside the Brainstem: Useful Technique of Intraoperative Neurophysiological Monitoring

Smolanka

Smolanka²,

Sechko³

et al. 2021

International Journal of Biology and Biomedical Engineering

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Surgery of intrinsic brainstem lesions is extremely dangerous, consequently the knowledge of anatomy and safe entry zones is extremely important. The technological progress was achieved with the widespread clinical use of intraoperative neurophysiological monitoring (IONM) which has proven to further improve the safety of operating on intrinsic brainstem lesions. The relevance of the study is conditioned by the fact that the tumor alters the normal anatomy and distorts the location of well-known landmarks and structures. In this regard, this paper is directed at identification of the placement of conductive pathways in the thickness of the brain stem and directly in the depth of the lesion (in the tumor or cavern), respectively to the surgical manipulations aimed at injury prevention. The results were achieved by a retrospective review of medical reports. The paper represents the results of surgical treatment of 42 patients with brainstem lesions, reviews the localization of the lesion and neurological status of patients, describes available methods of intraoperative monitoring (IOM) and on-line techniques for the brainstem surgery. The materials of the paper are of practical significance for the development of brainstem surgery with IONM modifications for wider and more comfortable use by neurosurgeons.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Continuous Dynamic Mapping of Cranial Nerve Pathways and Long Tracts Inside the Brainstem: Useful Technique of Intraoperative Neurophysiological Monitoring

Smolanka

Smolanka²,

Sechko³

et al. 2021

International Journal of Biology and Biomedical Engineering

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“…In the PAG-NRA hypothesis, the NRA subsequently acts as an interface that distributes PAG signals to laryngeal motor neurons of the nucleus ambiguus (Vanderhorst et al, 2001) and various respiratory motor pools in the spinal cord (Vanderhorst and Holstege, 1995;Holstege et al, 1997), bypassing the respiratory rhythm and pattern generating network in the ponto-medullary brainstem, and is thought to be critical for PAG-mediated modulation of breathing, particularly during vocalization (Zhang et al, 1995;Subramanian and Holstege, 2009). However, recent work from our laboratory has shown that the eupneic respiratory motor pattern is generated by an anatomically widely-distributed brainstem network (Dhingra et al, 2019a,b;Dhingra et al, 2020). Consistent with these observations, the present study shows that the lPAG and vlPAG send multiple descending projections to these widely-distributed and functionally diverse brainstem respiratory control nuclei.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reciprocal connectivity of the periaqueductal gray with the ponto-medullary respiratory network in rat

Trevizan‐Baú

Furuya

Mazzone

et al. 2020

Preprint

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Synaptic activities of the periaqueductal gray (PAG) can modulate or appropriate the respiratory motor activities in the context of behavior and emotion via descending projections to nucleus retroambiguus. However, alternative anatomical pathways for the mediation of PAG-evoked respiratory modulation via core nuclei of the brainstem respiratory network remains only partially described. We injected the retrograde tracer Cholera toxin subunit B (CT-B) in the pontine Kölliker-Fuse nucleus (KFn, n=5), medullary Bötzinger (BötC, n=3) and pre-Bötzinger complexes (pre-BötC; n=3), and the caudal raphé nuclei (n=3), and quantified the ascending and descending connectivity of the PAG. CT-B injections in the KFn, pre-BötC, and caudal raphé, but not in the BötC, resulted in CT-B-labeled neurons that were predominantly located in the lateral and ventrolateral PAG columns. In turn, CT-B injections into the lateral and ventrolateral PAG columns (n=4) yield the highest numbers of CT-B-labeled neurons in the KFn and far fewer numbers of labeled neurons in the pre-BötC and caudal raphé. Analysis of the relative projection strength revealed that the KFn shares the densest reciprocal connectivity with the PAG (ventrolateral and lateral columns, in particular). Overall, our data imply that the PAG may engage a distributed respiratory rhythm and pattern generating network beyond the nucleus retroambiguus to mediate downstream modulation of breathing. However, the reciprocal connectivity of the KFn and PAG suggests specific roles for synaptic interaction between these two nuclei that are most likely related to the regulation of upper airway patency during vocalization or other volitional orofacial behaviors.HighlightsThe lateral and ventrolateral PAG project to the primary respiratory network.The Kölliker-Fuse nucleus shares the densest reciprocal connectivity with the PAG.The Bötzinger complex appears to have very little connectivity with the PAG.

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“…Guided by the computational analyses and through perturbation-biology-based mechanistic studies and monitoring BETi induced phenotypes, we identified a multi-step mechanism that couples BET inhibition to apoptosis ( Figure 6E). In resistant cells, BET inhibition upregulates a cell adhesion, motility and fatty acid synthesis metabolic program, which includes the upstream transcription factor SREBF1 (36) and key enzymes in fatty acid metabolism such as Stearoyl-CoA desaturase (SCD), which converts saturated fatty acids into monounsaturated fatty acids and thus modulates membrane fluidity (37)(38). SCD has been suggested as a key modulator of breast cancer cell motility and survival as well as EGFR activation in lung cancer (39)(40).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Adaptive response to BET inhibition induces therapeutic vulnerability to MCL1 inhibitors in breast cancer

Yan

Wang

Luna

et al. 2019

Preprint

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The development of effective targeted therapies for the treatment of basal-like breast cancers remains challenging. Here, we demonstrate that BET inhibition induces a multi-faceted adaptive response program leading to MCL1 protein-driven evasion of apoptosis in breast cancers. Consequently, co-targeting MCL1 and BET is highly synergistic in in vitro and in vivo breast cancer models. Drug response and genomics analyses revealed that MCL1 copy number alterations, including low-level gains, are selectively enriched in basal-like breast cancers and associated with effective BET and MCL1 co-targeting. The mechanism of adaptive response to BET inhibition involves upregulation of critical lipid metabolism enzymes including the rate-limiting enzyme stearoyl-CoA desaturase (SCD). Changes in the lipid metabolism are associated with increases in cell motility and membrane fluidity as well as transitions in cell morphology and adhesion. The structural changes in the cell membrane leads to re-localization and activation of HER2/EGFR which can be interdicted by inhibiting SCD activity. Active HER2/EGFR, in turn, induces accumulation of MCL1 protein and therapeutic vulnerability to MCL1 inhibitors. The BET protein, lipid metabolism and receptor tyrosine kinase activation cascade is observed in patient cohorts of basal-like and HER2-amplified breast cancers. The high frequency of MCL1 chromosomal amplifications (>30%) and gains (>50%) in basal-like breast cancers suggests that BET and MCL1 co-inhibition may have therapeutic utility in this aggressive subtype.

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Clarity of the rhythmic brainstem

Cited by 5 publications

References 9 publications

Continuous Dynamic Mapping of Cranial Nerve Pathways and Long Tracts Inside the Brainstem: Useful Technique of Intraoperative Neurophysiological Monitoring

Continuous Dynamic Mapping of Cranial Nerve Pathways and Long Tracts Inside the Brainstem: Useful Technique of Intraoperative Neurophysiological Monitoring

Reciprocal connectivity of the periaqueductal gray with the ponto-medullary respiratory network in rat

Adaptive response to BET inhibition induces therapeutic vulnerability to MCL1 inhibitors in breast cancer

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