Classic and Modern Prognostic Indicators in Renal Cell Carcinoma

Abstract

The value of classic and modern prognostic factors in renal cell carcinoma as reported in the literature is determined in a review. Tumor stage is the most important single independent prognostic factor. The presence or absence of distant metastases is highly prognostic and presence of lymph node metastases is of higher prognostic value than the presence of renal vein invasion. For each given tumor stage tumor grade (especially nuclear grade) is the most reliable additional independent prognostic factor predicting patient survival. The significance of DNA cytometry as an independent prognostic factor is less clear, though it might be useful in combination with nuclear grading. Patient-related potential prognostic factors such as age, sex and serologic parameters are of lesser, if any, importance. In the future, data from molecular analysis on oncogenes and suppressor genes are likely to provide additional prognostic information.

Serum β2-Microglobulin and Prognosis of Patients with Renal Cell Carcinoma

“…In the multivariate analysis, however, the main independent prognostic factors were tumour stage and diameter. The strong predictive value of stage was in accordance with earlier reports (10,23). Tumour cell type and age were weaker factors, but…”

Evaluation of five glycoprotein tumour markers (CEA, CA-50, CA-19-9, CA-125, CA-15-3) for the prognosis of renal-cell carcinoma

“…The prognosis for patients with renal-cell carcinoma is predicted most strongly by tumour stage, but other variables, such as DNA ploidy and grade, are of prognostic value (Strohmeyer and Ackermann, 1991;Thrasher and Paulson, 1993;Larsson et al, 1993). However, for individual patients, prognosis has been speculative, since no consistent tumour or serum marker has been isolated from patients with the disease (Dexeus et al, 1991).…”

Evaluation of Plasma and Tissue S100A4 Protein and mRNA Levels as Potential Markers of Metastasis and Prognosis in Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma

“…The main prognostic indicators for patients with RCC are local and metastatic extension of the tumour, with the presence or absence of metastasis at the time of diagnosis being the key factor for determining survival. 2 The expression of The calcium-binding protein S100A4 promotes metastasis in several experimental animal models and is associated with patient outcome in a number of tumour types. 5,6 S100A4 is localized to the nucleus, cytoplasm and extracellular space, and possesses a wide range of biological functions including the regulation of angiogenesis, cell survival, motility and invasion.…”