Classical and Atypical Scrapie in Sheep and Goats

Fast, Christine; Groschup, Martin H.

doi:10.1007/978-3-031-20565-1_26

Cited by 3 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 178 publications

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“…Scrapie is a naturally occurring, fatal neurodegenerative disease that impacts small ruminants, including sheep and goats [ 1 ]. It has been established that both scrapie susceptibility and the length of the incubation period in goats are significantly influenced by the polymorphisms and genetic variability present in the PRNP gene [ 17 ].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Scrapie is a naturally occurring, progressive neurodegenerative disease that impacts both sheep and goats [ 1 ]. It is classified as one of the transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs) or prion diseases, which have been observed to impact various mammalian species, including humans [ 2 , 3 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The classical form of scrapie arises from the misfolding of the normal cellular prion protein (PrPC) encoded by the host, resulting in the formation of an abnormal isoform (PrPSc) that accumulates in the brain and peripheral tissues [ 2 , 4 , 5 ]. The disease progresses slowly, with affected animals showing symptoms such as behavioral changes, tremors, and loss of coordination [ 1 ]. Export restrictions due to scrapie in the U.S. have limited export markets for the small ruminant industry, resulting in annual economic losses of approximately $10 to $20 million [ 6 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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National Prevalence of Caprine Prion Protein Genetic Variability at Codons 146, 211, and 222 in Goat Herds in the United States

Zeineldin,

Cox-Struble,

Camp

et al. 2023

Veterinary Sciences

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Scrapie is a neurodegenerative disease that impacts sheep and goats, characterized by gradual and progressive changes in neurological function. Recent research shows that the scrapie incubation period is significantly influenced by specific variations in amino acids within the prion protein gene (PRNP). The objective of this study was to estimate the national prevalence of caprine PRNP genetic variability at codons 146, 211, and 222 in goat populations across the United States. A total of 3052 blood, ear tissue, and brain tissue samples were collected from goats from 50 states. The participating states were categorized into four Veterinary Service (VS) district regions. The samples underwent DNA extraction, and the PRNP variants corresponding to codons 146, 211, and 222 were amplified and sequenced. The analysis of PRNP variants, when compared to the PRNP reference sequence, revealed seven alleles in twelve genotypes. The homozygous 146NN, 211RR, and 222QQ alleles, which have been linked to an increased risk of scrapie, were found to be the most prevalent among all the goats. The heterozygous 222QK, 211RQ, 146SD, 146ND, and 146NS alleles and the homozygous 222KK, 146SS, and 146DD alleles, known to be associated with reduced scrapie susceptibility and a prolonged incubation period after experimental challenge, were found in 1.098% (222QK), 2.33% (211RQ), 0.58% (146SD), 3.13% (146ND), 20.68% (146NS), 0.005% (222KK), 3.31% (146SS), and 0.67% (146DD) of goats, respectively. The 222QK allele was found most frequently in goats tested from the east (VS District 1, 1.59%) and southwest (VS District 4, 1.08%) regions, whereas the 211RQ allele was found most often in goats tested from the Midwest (VS District 2, 8.03%) and east (VS District 1, 6.53%) regions. The 146NS allele was found most frequently in goats tested from the northwest (VS District 3, 29.02%) and southwest (VS District 4, 20.69%) regions. Our results showed that the prevalence of less susceptible genotypes at PRNP codon 146 may be sufficient to use genetic susceptibility testing in some herds. This may reduce the number of goats removed as part of a herd clean-up plan and may promote the selective breeding goats for less susceptible alleles in high-risk herds at the national level.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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National Prevalence of Caprine Prion Protein Genetic Variability at Codons 146, 211, and 222 in Goat Herds in the United States

Zeineldin,

Cox-Struble,

Camp

et al. 2023

Veterinary Sciences

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“…In this regard, the host's genetic attitude towards pathogens of different nature has been evaluated over time. These kinds of studies were conducted for pathogens of prionic origin like Scrapie in ovine and caprine [21,22]; pathogens of viral origin such as Lentivirus infection in sheep and goats [23][24][25] and PRRSV (Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome) in swine [26,27]; pathogens of bacterial origin such as Paratuberculosis [28,29].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“One Health” Goal: Novel Preliminary Study on Putative Pig Immuno-Genetic Resistance to <em>Toxoplasma gondii</em> and Serologi-Cal Survey in Central Italy Regions

Torricelli,

Fratto,

Costarelli

et al. 2024

Preprint

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Toxoplasmosis is a zoonosis of warm-blooded animals, affecting also humans, caused by Toxo-plasma gondii, an obligate intracellular parasite with a complex biological cycle. Toxoplasmosis is considered a re-emerging zoonosis and an important public health threat, also for the absence, up to now, of efficient vaccines and preventive measures. Sources of transmission to humans are environmental or food-borne, mainly through the consumption of raw and undercooked meat, predominantly of Sus scrofa, considered highly susceptible to T. gondii. Mainly in the last dec-ades, an effective strategy to counter animal infectious diseases was based on the discovery of resistance immuno-genetic markers, possibly to be used for association studies between geno-typic and phenotypic traits and consequently in Marker Assisted Selection. Until now, this gen-otyping approach has never been adopted for T. gondii infection, so this study aimed, for the first time, to fill this gap. In particular, pigs, reared in different farms of Central Italy, were serologically characterized by an ELISA assay performed on diaphragm meat juice. Out of 179 tested animals, 98 resulted seropositive (54.74%), 57 seronegative (31.84%) and 24 doubtful (10.6%), underlining a possible re-emerging diffusion of this protozoan in the investigated areas. Atten-tion was firstly focused on IL-18 gene, encoding for a pro-inflammatory cytokine that plays a key role starting from the upstream steps of the immunity pathway towards T. gondii. A RT-PCR assay followed by Sanger sequencing of IL-18 cDNA was de novo developed. For this interleukin, at this stage, genetic analysis has not highlighted significant polymorphic variations compared to the reference sequence, except for a seropositive animal. However, the outcomes of this pre-liminary innovative study will be investigated in depth analyzing other relevant genetic re-gions and other target genes.

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Exploring the genetic variability of the PRNP gene at codons 127, 142, 146, 154, 211, 222, and 240 in goats farmed in the Lombardy Region, Italy

Ferrari,

Punturiero,

Milanesi

et al. 2024

Vet Res

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Scrapie is a transmissible spongiform encephalopathy affecting sheep and goats. The prion protein-encoding gene (PRNP) plays a crucial role in determining susceptibility and resistance to scrapie. At the European level, surveillance of scrapie is essential to prevent the spread of the disease to livestock. According to the Regulation EU 2020/772 polymorphisms K222, D/S146 could function as resistance alleles in the genetic management of disease prevention. In Italy, a breeding plan for scrapie eradication has not been implemented for goats. However, surveillance plans based on the PRNP genotype have been developed as a preventive measure for scrapie. This research aimed to describe the polymorphisms at 7 positions within the PRNP gene in 956 goats of the Alpine, Saanen and mixed populations farmed in the Lombardy Region in Italy. PRNP polymorphisms were detected using single nucleotide polymorphism markers included in the Neogen GGP Goat 70 k chip. The K222 allele occurred in all populations, with frequencies ranging from 2.1 to 12.7%. No animals carried the S/D146 resistance allele. However, it has been demonstrated that polymorphisms in the other positions analysed could influence resistance or susceptibility to scrapie outbreaks in different ways. Ten potentially distinct haplotypes were found, and the most prevalent of the three populations was H2, which differed from the wild type (H1) in terms of mutation (S vs P) at codon 240. This study provided additional information on the genetic variability of the PRNP gene in these populations in the Lombardy region of Italy, contributing to the development of genetic control measures for disease prevention.

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Classical and Atypical Scrapie in Sheep and Goats

Cited by 3 publications

References 178 publications

National Prevalence of Caprine Prion Protein Genetic Variability at Codons 146, 211, and 222 in Goat Herds in the United States

National Prevalence of Caprine Prion Protein Genetic Variability at Codons 146, 211, and 222 in Goat Herds in the United States

“One Health” Goal: Novel Preliminary Study on Putative Pig Immuno-Genetic Resistance to <em>Toxoplasma gondii</em> and Serologi-Cal Survey in Central Italy Regions

Exploring the genetic variability of the PRNP gene at codons 127, 142, 146, 154, 211, 222, and 240 in goats farmed in the Lombardy Region, Italy

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