Classical Biological Control of the Australian Weevil &lt;I&gt;Gonipterus scutellatus&lt;/I&gt; (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) in California

Hanks, Lawrence M.; Millar, J. G.; Paine, Timothy D.; Campbell, C. L.

doi:10.1603/0046-225x(2000)029[0369:cbcota]2.0.co;2

Cited by 31 publications

(37 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…On the other hand, superparasitism can provoke important fitness penalties on size, longevity and fecundity, especially in species whose females have a positive relationship between size and egg supply (Godfray 1994;King 1987). Furthermore, superparasitism can also represent an important mortality factor, particularly in solitary parasitoids (Vinson 1980;Harvey et al 1993;Potting et al 1997;Hanks et al 2000;King 1987).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…nitens and its host have been studied since the beginning of the twentieth century by entomologists from many continents, because of important damage produced by the coleopteran to plantations of eucalypts and the use of the parasitoid for biological control (Tooke 1955;Arzone and Vidano 1978;Kidd and Jervis 1997;Cordero Rivera et al 1999;Hanks et al 2000). G. scutellatus was accidentally introduced to Galicia (NW Spain) in 1991 and in 1994 A. nitens was released as a pest control agent, producing good results very quickly (Mansilla and PØrez Otero 1996).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Superparasitism and sex ratio adjustment in a wasp parasitoid: results at variance with Local Mate Competition?

Santolamazza‐Carbone

Rivera

2003

Oecologia

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Anaphes nitens is a solitary parasitoid of the egg capsules of the Eucalyptus snout beetle, Gonipterus scutellatus. Some traits of its natural history suggest that Local Mate Competition (LMC) could account for sex ratio adjustment in this species. We tested whether males emerged early, a prerequisite for fully local mating, and investigated the occurrence and effect of superparasitism on adult size and pre-emergence mortality, factors that might influence sex ratio adjustment. We found in field-collected egg capsules that males emerged first. To investigate the effects of superparasitism on adult size, we compared the sizes of parasitoids that emerged early and late from egg capsules collected in the field, and from egg capsules parasitized and superparasitized in the laboratory. Superparasitism reduced parasitoid size, affecting females more strongly than males, and increased pre-emergence mortality. We estimated A. nitens sex ratio and parasitism rate in the field during 2 years in five localities and during 4 years in a sixth. Following LMC we expected an increase in sex ratio (proportion of males) with increasing parasitism rate (assumed to reflect parasitoid density). We found that sex ratio decreased from 0.38 when the parasitism rate was low (0-20%) to 0.21 when parasitism was high (80-100%). In contrast with field results, a laboratory experiment showed that: (1) at a low parasitism level sex ratio was clearly female biased (0.28+/-0.04), (2) at a high parasitism level sex ratio increased (0.40+/-0.07), (3) male larval survivorship was not lower than female survivorship, and (4) low-quality hosts (i.e. superparasitized) were allocated more males. We conclude that LMC cannot explain the sex ratio adjustment observed in the field, even at low parasitism rates, and alternative explications for highly female-biased sex ratios must be found. One such alternative is female-biased dispersal.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Superparasitism and sex ratio adjustment in a wasp parasitoid: results at variance with Local Mate Competition?

Santolamazza‐Carbone

Rivera

2003

Oecologia

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“…The female wasp deposits her eggs into the egg capsules and the developing wasp larvae feed on the snout beetle eggs. A. nitens was introduced into South Africa in 1924 and after a massive rearing between 1928 and 1931 the parasitoid was released in the field, starting one of the most impressive example of successful biological control programme (Mossop, 1929;Tooke, 1942Tooke, , 1955, which was replicated in other countries, achieving 80-100% of parasitism rate (Quintana, 1963;Arzone, 1985;Cadahia, 1986a,b;Cordero Rivera et al, 1999;Hanks et al, 2000). Recorded fecundity is 20-100 eggs per female (Tooke, 1955;Santolamazza-Carbone and Cordero Rivera, 2003) and females are highly effective in locating freshly laid host eggs .…”

Section: Control Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pest categorisation of the Gonipterus scutellatus species complex

Jeger¹,

Bragard²,

Caffier³

et al. 2018

EFS2

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The Panel on Plant health performed a pest categorisation of the Australian Eucalyptus snout-beetle Gonipterus scutellatus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), for the EU. G. scutellatus should be referred as the G. scutellatus species complex because it includes several cryptic species. A complete nomenclature of the species present in the EU is still pending. It is a quarantine pest listed in Annex IIB of Council Directive 2000/29/EC. Protected zones are in place in Greece and Portugal (Azores). In the EU, it has been found in Italy, France, Spain and Portugal. It only consumes Eucalyptus species leaves. The main pathways of spread are the trade of Eucalyptus timber, hitchhiking in various commodities, trade of apple fruit as well as of plants for planting or plant parts. Spread by flight is also possible. The climate of the EU protected zones is similar to that of the Member States (MS) where the G. scutellatus complex is established, and the pest's main host plants are present. The damaged trees suffer die-back and the development of epicormics shoots. Severe attacks may provoke massive amounts of tree death. Biological control by using the egg parasitoid wasp Anaphes nitens is the most effective control measure. Some species within the G. scutellatus complex are not yet present in the EU (including G. scutellatus sensu stricto) and might therefore be considered as potential union quarantine pests for the EU territory. At least two species within the G. scutellatus complex (most likely G. platensis and Gonipterus species no. 2) meet the criteria assessed by EFSA for consideration as potential protected zone quarantine pests for the territory of the protected zones: Greece and Portugal (Azores). The criteria for considering the G. scutellatus complex as a potential regulated nonquarantine pest for the EU are not met since plants for planting are not the main pathway.

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“…Mymarids have proved to be very successful egg parasitoids for use in the biological control of leafhoppers in agricultural crops, as well as the classic example of complete control of the eucalyptus weevil Gonipterus scutellatus (Gyllenhal) in plantations in southern Africa and many other parts of the world by Anaphes nitens (Girault) from Australia (Greathead 1971, Hanks et al 2000. Three complete successes in agriculture have been the introduction of Gonatocerus ashmeadi Girault from southeastern USA for control of the glassy-winged sharpshooter Homalodisca vitripennis Germar a pest of perennial agricultural crops and ornamental plants in Tahiti (Grandgirard et al 2008), Anaphes optabilis Perkins from Australia for control of the sugarcane leafhopper Perkinsiella saccharicida in Hawaii (Pemberton 1964, Lai and Funasaki 1986, Funasaki et al 1988, and Anagrus armatus (Ashmead) from New Zealand for control of Edwardsiana froggatti (Baker) an apple pest in Australia (Wilson 1960).…”

Section: Mymaridaementioning

confidence: 99%

Egg Parasitoids in Biological Control and Integrated Pest Management

Mills

2009

Egg Parasitoids in Agroecosystems With Emphasis on Trichogramma

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Classical Biological Control of the Australian Weevil <I>Gonipterus scutellatus</I> (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) in California

Cited by 31 publications

References 7 publications

Superparasitism and sex ratio adjustment in a wasp parasitoid: results at variance with Local Mate Competition?

Superparasitism and sex ratio adjustment in a wasp parasitoid: results at variance with Local Mate Competition?

Pest categorisation of the Gonipterus scutellatus species complex

Egg Parasitoids in Biological Control and Integrated Pest Management

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