Classical swine fever: the global situation

Edwards, S.; Fukusho, Akio; Lefèvre, Pierre-Charles; Lipowski, A.; Pejsak, Z.; Roehe, Paulo Michel; Westergaard, Jørgen M.

doi:10.1016/s0378-1135(00)00138-3

Cited by 297 publications

(209 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…Classical swine fever virus (CSFV), a member of the Pestivirus genus of the Flaviridae family, is an important worldwide cause of morbidity, mortality, and enormous economic losses in pig industries [12,23]. While eradication programmes based on "stamping-out" have been followed to eliminate classical swine fever (CSF) in many countries, these pig populations remain under constant threat, particularly where CSFV is enzootic in wild boars.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Immunological properties of recombinant classical swine fever virus NS3 protein in vitro and in vivo

Rau¹,

Revets

Balmelli³

et al. 2006

Vet. Res.

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-Classical swine fever (CSF) is a highly contagious and often fatal disease of pigs characterised by fever, severe leukopenia and haemorrhages. With vaccines having an importance in disease control, studies are seeking improved protein-based subunit vaccine against the virus (CSFV). In this respect, recombinant viral NS3 protein was analysed for its immunopotentiating capacity, particularly in terms of cytotoxic immune responses. NS3 was effective at inducing in vitro responses, quantified by lymphoproliferation, IFN-γ ELISPOT, flow cytometric detection of activated T cell subsets, and cytotoxic T cell assays. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells from CSFV-immune pigs could be stimulated, but not cells from naïve animals. In addition to the IFN-γ responses, induction of both CD4 + T helper cell and CD8 + cytotoxic T cells (CTL) were discernible -activation of the latter was confirmed in a virus-specific cytolytic assay. Attempts were made to translate this to the in vivo situation, by vaccinating pigs with an E2/NS3-based vaccine compared with an E2 subunit vaccine. Both vaccines were similar in their abilities to stimulate specific immune responses and protect pigs against lethal CSFV infection. Although the E2/NS3 vaccine appeared to have an advantage in terms of antibody induction, this was not statistically significant when group studies were performed. It was also difficult to visualise the NS3 capacity to promote T-cell responses in vivo. These results show that NS3 has potential for promoting cytotoxic defences, but the formulation of the vaccine requires optimisation for ensuring that NS3 is correctly delivered to antigen presenting cells for efficient activation of CTL.classical swine fever / subunit vaccine / E2 / NS3 / CTL

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Immunological properties of recombinant classical swine fever virus NS3 protein in vitro and in vivo

Rau¹,

Revets

Balmelli³

et al. 2006

Vet. Res.

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“…of Mizoram [2] that 11,613 pigs either migrated or were imported to the Mizoram from Myanmar, Assam and Bangladesh. The classical swine fever is endemic in Myanmar [8]. There is maximum possibility for spreading of transboundary diseases including CSF to India from these south East Asian countries.…”

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confidence: 99%

Molecular Characterization of Classical swine fever virus Involved in the Outbreak in Mizoram

et al. 2010

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Classical swine fever is the most insidious and devastating disease of pigs and wild boars. The virus is closely related to the other members of the genus Pestivirus. The outbreak recorded in Mizoram, India was strategically important as the state shares porous international boundary with East Asian countries. Both immunodiagnostic and molecular techniques were used to confirm the involvement of Classical swine fever virus (CSFV) in this outbreak. Sandwich ELISA and direct FAT could detect CSFV in the tissue samples. RT-nPCR specifically amplified E2 and 5'NTR product of 271 bp. Phylogenetic analysis showed, that the Mizoram isolate (MZ4/69) was very close to the Chinese strain Shimen-HVRI (93.0%) rather than other Indian isolate . Present study provides a valuable sequence based molecular data on Indian isolate of CSFV and will be useful in investigation on transmission of such disease from neighbour countries.

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“…This conclusion is likely to hold even though one of the model input parameters, Capacity_adj_factor, was found to have an influential impact on the estimate of TOC in nursery premises. Historical outbreaks further support these estimates by showing that the majority of animals were euthanized due to animal welfare concerns during foreign animal disease outbreaks (Edwards et al, 2000;Terpstra and de Smit, 2000;Allepuz et al, 2007). The current USDA foreign animal disease outbreak management manual (USDA, 2012a and2013) states that movement restrictions are to be imposed within 7 km of the perimeter of an infected zone.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

“…Historically, CSF outbreaks have shown that the number of healthy pigs euthanized due to animal welfare concerns often exceeds the number of pigs euthanized due to infections. For example, during the 1997/98 CSF outbreaks in Germany, Spain and the Netherlands, the pigs euthanized due to adverse animal welfare conditions comprised 62% to 87% of the total pigs euthanized (Edwards et al, 2000;Terpstra and de Smit, 2000). The costs associated with the activities for managing animal welfare concerns were estimated to be >50% of the total direct costs for the outbreak control (Saatkamp et al, 2000).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Modelling the time at which overcrowding and feed interruption emerge on the swine premises under movement restrictions during a classical swine fever outbreak

Weng

Yadav

Widmar

et al. 2017

Animal

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A stochastic risk model was developed to estimate the time elapsed before overcrowding (TOC) or feed interruption (TFI) emerged on the swine premises under movement restrictions during a classical swine fever (CSF) outbreak in Indiana, USA. Nursery (19 to 65 days of age) and grow-to-finish (40 to 165 days of age) pork production operations were modelled separately. Overcrowding was defined as the total weight of pigs on premises exceeding 100% to 115% of the maximum capacity of the premises, which was computed as the total weight of the pigs at harvest/transition age. Algorithms were developed to estimate age-specific weight of the pigs on premises and to compare the daily total weight of the pigs with the threshold weight defining overcrowding to flag the time when the total weight exceeded the threshold (i.e. when overcrowding occurred). To estimate TFI, an algorithm was constructed to model a swine producer's decision to discontinue feed supply by incorporating the assumptions that a longer estimated epidemic duration, a longer time interval between the age of pigs at the onset of the outbreak and the harvest/transition age, or a longer progression of an ongoing outbreak would increase the probability of a producer's decision to discontinue the feed supply. Adverse animal welfare conditions were modelled to emerge shortly after an interruption of feed supply. Simulations were run with 100 000 iterations each for a 365-day period. Overcrowding occurred in all simulated iterations, and feed interruption occurred in 30% of the iterations. The median (5th and 95th percentiles) TOC was 24 days (10, 43) in nursery operations and 78 days (26, 134) in grow-to-finish operations. Most feed interruptions, if they emerged, occurred within 15 days of an outbreak. The median (5th and 95th percentiles) time at which either overcrowding or feed interruption emerged was 19 days (4, 42) in nursery and 57 days (4, 130) in grow-to-finish operations. The study findings suggest that overcrowding and feed interruption could emerge early during a CSF outbreak among swine premises under movement restrictions. The outputs derived from the risk model could be used to estimate and evaluate associated mitigation strategies for alleviating adverse animal welfare conditions resulting from movement restrictions.

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Classical swine fever: the global situation

Cited by 297 publications

References 15 publications

Immunological properties of recombinant classical swine fever virus NS3 protein in vitro and in vivo

Immunological properties of recombinant classical swine fever virus NS3 protein in vitro and in vivo

Molecular Characterization of Classical swine fever virus Involved in the Outbreak in Mizoram

Modelling the time at which overcrowding and feed interruption emerge on the swine premises under movement restrictions during a classical swine fever outbreak

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