Classically conditioned cardiac responses in "old" and "young" Fischer 344 rats.

Buchanan, Shirley L.; Ginn, Sheryl R.

doi:10.1037/0882-7974.3.1.51

Cited by 9 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…For example, several researchers have reported that old rabbits show impaired EB conditioning compared with their younger cohorts (Graves & Solomon, 1985; Powell, Buchanan, & Hernandez, 1981; Woodruff-Pak, Lavond, Logan, & Thompson, 1987), and a host of control studies have suggested that these deficits are caused by associative changes, not nonspecific age-related changes, such as impaired UCRs to the CS or UCS. Animal studies also suggest an age-related impairment in HR conditioning, but these data are not as clear-cut because nonassociative controls have not always been performed (e.g., Buchanan & Ginn, 1988; Powell, Buchanan, & Hernandez, 1984). Because the neurobiological substrates for both skeletal and autonomic conditioning are beginning to be understood (see, e.g., Powell, Buchanan, & Gibbs, 1990; Thompson, Donegan, & Lavond, 1988), the use of classical conditioning models in elderly subjects may serve as behavioral markers for age-related changes in these structures.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Concomitant eyeblink and heart rate classical conditioning in young, middle-aged, and elderly human subjects.

Durkin¹,

Prescott²,

Furchtgott³

et al. 1993

Psychology and Aging

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Pavlovian heart rate (HR) and eyeblink (EB) conditioning were assessed in 4 groups of Ss who differed in age: young = 19-33 years, young middle-aged = 35-48 years, old middle-aged = 50-63 years, and old = 66-78 years. A 100-ms corneal airpuff was the unconditioned stimulus and a 600-ms tone was the conditioned stimulus. A nonassociative control group received explicitly unpaired tone and airpuff presentations. All Ss were studied for 2 100-trial sessions separated by approximately 7 days. An impairment in acquisition of both the EB and HR responses occurred in the old and middle-age Ss, but all age groups showed significantly greater conditioning than did the control group. Slight increases in performance resulted from a 2nd session of training. These findings suggest an age-related impairment in a general associative process.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Concomitant eyeblink and heart rate classical conditioning in young, middle-aged, and elderly human subjects.

Durkin¹,

Prescott²,

Furchtgott³

et al. 1993

Psychology and Aging

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“…Early studies showed deficits in conditioned suppression in aged rats (Pare, 1969b;Solyom & Miller, 1965), but decrements in footshock sensitivity may partly explain these effects (Pare, 1969a). Previous studies have also shown conditioned bradycardia to increase or remain stable in aged rabbits (Powell et al, 1981(Powell et al, , 1984 but decrease in aged rats (Buchanan & Ginn, 1988). Aging studies of conditioned freezing in rats and mice have typically found no impairments in CS-evoked responses (Doyère, GisquetVerrier, de Marsanich, & Ammassari-Teule, 2000;Houston, Stevenson, McNaughton, & Barnes, 1999;Ohta et al, 2001;Oler & Markus, 1998).…”

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confidence: 99%

Impact of Healthy Aging on Awareness and Fear Conditioning.

LaBar

Cook

Torpey

et al. 2004

Behavioral Neuroscience

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Fear conditioning has provided a useful model system for studying associative emotional learning, but the impact of healthy aging has gone relatively unexplored. The present study investigated fear conditioning across the adult life span in humans. A delay discrimination task was employed using visual conditioned stimuli and an auditory unconditioned stimulus. Awareness of the reinforcement contingencies was assessed in a postexperimental interview. Compared with young adult participants, middle-aged and older adults displayed reductions in unconditioned responding, discriminant conditioning, and contingency awareness. When awareness and overall arousability were taken into consideration, there were no residual effects of aging on conditioning. These results highlight the importance of considering the influence of declarative knowledge when interpreting age-associated changes in discriminative conditioned learning.

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“…The fact that the rate of development oftolerance to a variety of drugs is slower in older than in younger subjects (see, e.g., Mayfield et ai., 1992;Nicak & Kohut, 1978;Nozaki, Akera, Lee, & Brody, 1975;Swartzwelder, Richardson, Markwiese-Foerch, Wilson, & Little, 1998;York & Chan, 1994) is consistent with both the conditioning analysis of tolerance and results of previous research concerning glucose enhancement of CR formation. The acquisition of classically 'conditioned responses is slower in older than in younger rats and humans (see, e.g., Buchanan & Ginn, 1988;Kubanis & Zornetzer, 1981;Prescott, Buchanan, & Powell, 1989;Weiss & Thompson, 1991;Zornetzer, Thompson, & Rogers, 1982). IfCRs partially mediate tolerance, it would indeed be expected that the rate of tolerance acquisition to a variety of drugs would be inversely related to the subject's age.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Glucose enhancement of tolerance to morphine and ethanol in rats

Siegel

1999

Psychobiology

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According to a Pavlovian conditioning analysis, drug tolerance (in part) results from an association between cues present at the time of drug administration and the effect ofthe drug. Associations are enhanced by glucose administered after a conditioning trial, such enhancement being inversely related to the interval between the trial and glucose administration. If conditioning contributes to tolerance, glucose administered shortly after each drug administration should facilitate the acquisition of tolerance. Acquisition of tolerance was assessed both when glucose was administered shortly after each drug administration (immediate glucose) and when glucose was administered 24 h after each drug administration. As expected on the basis of the conditioning interpretation of tolerance, immediate glucose facilitated the acquisition of tolerance to the analgesic effect of morphine (Experiment 1) and the ataxic effect of ethanol (Experiment 2).Tolerance, a decrease in responsivity to a drug over the course of repeated administrations, can be affected by drug-associated cues. The contribution of drug-associated cues to tolerance is emphasized in a Pavlovian conditioning analysis of tolerance (see reviews by Dworkin, 1993;Ramsay & Woods, 1997; Siegel & Allan, 1998). Using the usual conditioning terminology, cues accompanying the primary drug effect function as conditioned stimuli (CSs). The direct effect of the drug constitutes the unconditioned stimulus (UCS). Prior to any learning, this pharmacological stimulation elicits responses that compensate for the drug-induced disturbances. These responses that compensate for the drug effect are unconditioned responses (UCRs). After some pairings of the predrug CS and pharmacological UCS, a drug-compensatory response is elicited as a conditioned response (CR). These drugcompensatory CRs mediate the development of tolerance by counteracting the drug effect.Consistent with the conditioning analysis, a variety of manipulations that attenuate the expression of conditional responding should also attenuate the acquisition of tolerance. Thus, in common with other CRs, the expression of drug tolerance is disrupted when a novel external stimulus is presented (external inhibition, see, e.g., Larson & Siegel, 1998;Siegel & Larson, 1996) or when the putative CS is altered (the context of drug administration changed, e.g., Epstein, Caggiula, Perkins, McKenzie, & Smith, 1991;Siegel, 1991). Even if the drug is reliably signaled by consistent environmental cues, the expression oftol-

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Classically conditioned cardiac responses in "old" and "young" Fischer 344 rats.

Cited by 9 publications

References 24 publications

Concomitant eyeblink and heart rate classical conditioning in young, middle-aged, and elderly human subjects.

Concomitant eyeblink and heart rate classical conditioning in young, middle-aged, and elderly human subjects.

Impact of Healthy Aging on Awareness and Fear Conditioning.

Glucose enhancement of tolerance to morphine and ethanol in rats

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