Classification and misclassification in sexing the Black femur by discriminant function analysis

Abstract

Stepwise discriminant function analysis for sex assessment was applied to 130 North American Black femora. The measurements included femoral length and three midshaft dimensions likely to be preserved in archaeologically-derived and forensic remains. The method correctly assigned sex for 76.4% of the sample (range 70.8-81.5%). This compares favorably with results achieved with other skeletal parts; it also compares favorably with results using the femur in sexing other racial groups. Among our other conclusions are: (1) a "general size factor" is one of major significance in correct classification and in misclassification of sex, and most misclassified individuals are anomalous for this factor; (2) the inconsistency in the relation between circumference and femoral length, which characterizes the remaining misclassified individuals, suggests that anomalous functional demands of body weight/musculature are at fault, and affect circumference more than length; and (3) discriminant function analysis of the same variables in Whites produced similar results, suggesting that sex overrides race in sex assessment; this was confirmed by cross-validating the predictive accuracy of Black discriminant function coefficients on White data, and vice versa.

A method for sex estimation using the proximal femur

“…The LR models are slightly biased towards the correct estimation of sex in males, a pattern commonly reported in other studies [8,15,31,32,34] -although not always [9].…”

“…It is also dimorphic within the same population [5], and very useful in sexing skeletal remains. Several dimensions of the femur, including femoral head diameter, femoral length, and bicondylar breadth have been utilized for the allocation of sex in unknown skeletal individuals [1,[7][8][9][10][11][12][13].…”

Sex determination by discriminant function analysis of the tibia for contemporary Croats

“…Miller-Shaivitz [18], Macho [19], and DiBennardo and Taylor [29] suggest that epiphyseal measurements and midshaft circumference are more reliable indicators of sex because the functional demands of weight and musculature concentrate on these parts of the bone.…”

Sex Determination of Femur: A Morphometric Analysis in the North Indian Population

“…It was higher in males as compared to females, which is similar to previous works. [3,7,10,[13][14][15] The mean values were lower in studies on Japanese and Thai populations. [16,17] , which supports the inference that these parameters differ with the population under consideration.…”