“…In general, piezoelectric materials have a very small strain, of 0.1–0.2%, but with high stress, in the range of 100–131 MPa. Their specific power density is around 1000 kW/kg, and they have high efficiency, of more than 80% [ 40 , 43 , 58 ]. However, piezoelectric materials experience some drawbacks, such as substantial hysteresis [ 59 ], temperature-dependent properties [ 60 ], and fracture behaviors [ 61 ].…”